DataVXJournal of Nanoparticle ResearchPaper
journal article·2022-10Open access

Green MoS2 nanosheets as a promising material for decontamination of hexavalent chromium, pharmaceuticals, and microbial pathogen disinfection: spectroscopic study

Mohamed Eid M. Ali, Reem. Mohammed, Shimaa M. Abdel-Moniem, Mohamed Azab El-Liethy, Hanan S. Ibrahim

Journal of Nanoparticle Research· Volume 24· Issue 10
Publisher pageOpen full text
Source abstract

Abstract

Abstract Photoreduction of chromium hexavalent ions (Cr6+) from the aquatic environment is urgently needed due to its impairing effect on human health. Adsorption, photoreduction, and desorption of reduced trivalent chromium (Cr3+) at the photocatalyst surface are all significant factors for determining photocatalytic reduction efficiency. Herein, we report a facile, template-free hydrothermal approach to fabricate green and homogeneous mixed-phase (1 T/2H) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets for highly efficient removal of Cr6+ ions and pharmaceuticals from wastewater. The nanostructure and morphology of the obtained (1 T/2H) MoS2 are investigated; the calculated crystallite size of the (2H/1 T) MoS2 nanosheets is found to be 1.7 nm. The presence of surface functional groups adsorption, and photoreduction processes is confirmed by spectroscopic studies using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Additionally, Raman spectra confirmed the formation of 1 T/2H mixed-phase MoS2 which illustrates its crystal phases, structure, and chemical composition. Moreover, the point-of-zero charge analysis revealed the positively charged surface in the acid system. The obtained results revealed the non-toxicity of MoS2 nanosheets at doses lower than 1000 ppm. The results reveal that the (1 T/2H) MoS2 exhibited impressive reduction performance for Cr6+; the reduction efficiency of chromium Cr6+ is 100% under simulated sunlight, 90 min at pH (3). Further spectroscopic study results confirm the importance of the adsorption step in Cr6+ ions photoreduction. Different pharmaceuticals are also completely degraded over (1 T/2H) MoS2 nanosheets. Interestingly, complete removals of E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida albicans were observed at a dose of MoS2 nanosheets of 250 ppm after a contact time of 30, 30, and 45 min, respectively. The results of the current work could lead to a rational design of high-performance nanosheets for the efficient decontamination of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and pathogens from aquatic environments. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

NanomaterialsCatalysis & surfaces

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · MXene and MAX Phase Materials · 2D Materials and Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (68)

Show source-provided references
1. Ali H, Khan E, Ilahi I (2019) Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. J Chem 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/673030510.1155/2019/6730305 ↗
2. Costa M (2003) Potential hazards of hexavalent chromate in our drinking water. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 188(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00011-510.1016/S0041-008X(03)00011-5 ↗
3. Peng H, Guo J (2020) Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18(6):2055–2068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01058-x10.1007/s10311-020-01058-x ↗
4. Barakat M (2011) New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab J Chem 4(4):361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.07.01910.1016/j.arabjc.2010.07.019 ↗
5. Singh A, Pal DB, Mohammad A, Alhazmi A, Haque S, Yoon T, Srivastava N, Gupta VK (2022) Biological remediation technologies for dyes and heavy metals in wastewater treatment: new insight. Bioresour Technol 343:126154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.12615410.1016/j.biortech.2021.126154 ↗
6. Weng C-H, Sharma Y, Chu S-H (2008) Adsorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by spent activated clay. J Hazard Mater 155(1–2):65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.02910.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.029 ↗
7. Bandara P, Peña-Bahamonde J, Rodrigues D (2020) Redox mechanisms of conversion of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) by graphene oxide-polymer composite. Sci Rep 10(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65534-810.1038/s41598-020-65534-8 ↗
8. Prashanth L, Kattapagari KK, Chitturi RT, Baddam VRR, Prasad LK (2015) A review on role of essential trace elements in health and disease. J Dr NTR Univ Health Sci 4(2):75. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-8632.15857710.4103/2277-8632.158577 ↗
9. Liu W, Li J, Zheng J, Song Y, Shi Z, Lin Z, Chai L (2020) Different pathways for Cr (III) oxidation: implications for Cr (VI) reoccurrence in reduced chromite ore processing residue. J Environ Sci Technol 54(19):11971–11979. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c0185510.1021/acs.est.0c01855 ↗
10. Banupriya C, Srinivasan K, Rajasekar A, Murugan K, Benelli G, Dinakaran K (2017) Metal enhanced fluorescence mediated assay for the detection of Hg (II) ions in aqueous solution from rhodamine B and Silver nanoparticle embedded silica thin film. Chin Chem Lett 28:1399–140510.1016/j.cclet.2017.01.018 ↗
11. Chakrabarti S, Chaudhuri B, Bhattacharjee S, Ray AK, Dutta BK (2009) Photo-reduction of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solution in the presence of zinc oxide as semiconductor catalyst. Chem Eng J 153(1–3):86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.06.02110.1016/j.cej.2009.06.021 ↗
12. Banerjee P, Chakrabarti S, Maitra S, Dutta BK (2012) Zinc oxide nano-particles–sonochemical synthesis, characterization and application for photo-remediation of heavy metal. Ultrason Sonochem 19(1):85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.05.00710.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.05.007 ↗
13. Djellabi R, Ghorab FM, Nouacer S, Smara A, Khireddine O (2016) Cr (VI) photocatalytic reduction under sunlight followed by Cr (III) extraction from TiO2 surface. Mater Lett 176:106–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.04.09010.1016/j.matlet.2016.04.090 ↗
14. Wei X, Wang P, Fu H, Zhao C, Wang C-C (2020) Boosted photocatalytic elimination toward Cr (VI) and organic pollutants over BUC-21/Cd0. 5Zn0. 5S under LED visible Light. Mater Res Bull 129:110903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.11090310.1016/j.materresbull.2020.110903 ↗
15. Mohammed R, Ali MEM, Gomaa E, Mohsen M (2021) Highly stable, reusable, and MW-assisted prepared ZnO nanorods for wastewater decontamination: precursors ratios effect and insights on matrix and pollutants mineralization. J Environ Chem Eng 9(1):104630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.10463010.1016/j.jece.2020.104630 ↗
16. Mohammed R, Ali MEM, Gomaa E, Mohsen M (2020) Green ZnO nanorod material for dye degradation and detoxification of pharmaceutical wastes in water. J Environ Chem Eng 8(5):104295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.10429510.1016/j.jece.2020.104295 ↗
17. Li J, Wei L, Yu C, Fang W, Xie Y, Zhou W, Zhu L (2015) Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide/Ag2CO3 photocatalyst and its visible light photocatalytic activity. Appl Surf Sci 358:168–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.00710.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.007 ↗
18. Mohammed R, Ali MEM, Abdel-Moniem SM, Ibrahim HS (2022) Reusable and highly stable MoS2 nanosheets for photocatalytic, sonocatalytic and thermocatalytic degradation of organic dyes: comparative study. Nano-Struct Nano-Objects 31:100900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2022.10090010.1016/j.nanoso.2022.100900 ↗
19. Gupta D, Chauhan V, Kumar R (2020) A comprehensive review on synthesis and applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) material: past and recent developments. Inorg Chem Commun 121:108200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.10820010.1016/j.inoche.2020.108200 ↗
20. Chang K, Hai X, Ye J (2016) Transition metal disulfides as noble-metal-alternative co-catalysts for solar hydrogen production. Adv Energy Mater 6(10):1502555. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20150255510.1002/aenm.201502555 ↗
21. Pangajam A, Chandramohan A, Dinakaran K, Harichandran G, Sureshkumar R (2021) Preparation and characterization of graphene nanosheets dispersed pyrrole-chorobenzaldehyde-heptaldehyde conjugated terpolymer nanocomposites for DNA detection. J Solid State Electrochem 25(10):2611–2623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-05043-410.1007/s10008-021-05043-4 ↗
22. Gan X, Zhao H, Quan X (2017) Two-dimensional MoS2: a promising building block for biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 89:56–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.04210.1016/j.bios.2016.03.042 ↗
23. Butler SZ, Hollen SM, Cao L, Cui Y, Gupta JA, Gutiérrez HR, Heinz TF, Hong SS, Huang J, Ismach AF (2013) progress, challenges, and opportunities in two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. ACS Nano 7(4):2898–2926. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn400280c10.1021/nn400280c ↗
24. Chen C-A, Lee C-L, Yang P-K, Tsai D-S, Lee C-P (2021) Active site engineering on two-dimensional-layered transition metal dichalcogenides for electrochemical energy applications: a mini-review. Catalyst 11(2):151. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal1102015110.3390/catal11020151 ↗
25. Srinivasan K, Subramanian K, Murugan K, Benelli G, Dinakaran K (2018) Fluorescence quenching of MoS2 nanosheets/DNA/silicon dot nanoassembly: effective and rapid detection of Hg2+ ions in aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(11):10567–10576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1472-x10.1007/s11356-018-1472-x ↗
26. Ejigu A, Kinloch IA, Prestat E, Dryfe RA (2017) A simple electrochemical route to metallic phase trilayer MoS 2: evaluation as electrocatalysts and supercapacitors. J Mater Chem 5(22):11316–11330. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA02577G10.1039/C7TA02577G ↗
27. Huang H, Cui Y, Li Q, Dun C, Zhou W, Huang W, Chen L, Hewitt CA, Carroll DL (2016) Metallic 1T phase MoS2 nanosheets for high-performance thermoelectric energy harvesting. Nano Energy 26:172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.05.02210.1016/j.nanoen.2016.05.022 ↗
28. Duong DL, Yun SJ, Lee YH (2017) van der Waals layered materials: opportunities and challenges. ACS Nano 11(12):11803–11830. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b0743610.1021/acsnano.7b07436 ↗
29. Liu T, Liu Z (2018) 2D MoS2 nanostructures for biomedical applications. Adv Healthc Mater 7(8):1701158. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.20170115810.1002/adhm.201701158 ↗
30. Miao H, Hu X, Sun Q, Hao Y, Wu H, Zhang D, Bai J, Liu E, Fan J, Hou X (2016) Hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2 nanosheets films: microstructure and formation mechanism research. Mater Lett 166:121–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.01010.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.010 ↗
31. Li Y, Bian Y, Qin H, Zhang Y, Bian Z (2017) Photocatalytic reduction behavior of hexavalent chromium on hydroxyl modified titanium dioxide. Appl Catal 206:293–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.04410.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.044 ↗
32. Yao Y, Ao K, Lv P, Wei Q (2019) MoS2 coexisting in 1T and 2H phases synthesized by common hydrothermal method for hydrogen evolution reaction. J Nanomater 9(6):844. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano906084410.3390/nano9060844 ↗
33. Li Q-H, Dong M, Li R, Cui Y-Q, Xie G-X, Wang X-X, Long Y-Z (2021) Enhancement of Cr (VI) removal efficiency via adsorption/photocatalysis synergy using electrospun chitosan/g-C3N4/TiO2 nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 253:117200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.11720010.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117200 ↗
34. El-Liethy MA, Elwakeel KZ, Ahmed MS (2018) Comparison study of Ag (I) and Au (III) loaded on magnetic thiourea-formaldehyde as disinfectants for water pathogenic microorganism’s deactivation. J Environ Chem Eng 6(4):4380–4390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.02810.1016/j.jece.2018.06.028 ↗
35. Elwakeel KZ, El-Liethy MA, Ahmed MS, Ezzat SM, Kamel MM (2018) Facile synthesis of magnetic disinfectant immobilized with silver ions for water pathogenic microorganism’s deactivation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(23):22797–22809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2071-610.1007/s11356-018-2071-6 ↗
36. Sharma C, Badatya S, Srivastava AK, Gupta MK (2021) Unraveling Anomalous Dielectric Phase Transition in Few-Layered 2H/1T MoS2 Nanosheets. Phys Chem C 125(25):14089–14097. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c0343010.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03430 ↗
37. Zhao B, Shen D, Zhang Z, Lu P, Hossain M, Li J, Li B, Duan X (2021) 2D metallic transition-metal dichalcogenides: structures, synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Funct Mater 31(48):2105132. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20210513210.1002/adfm.202105132 ↗
38. Wang C, Wang H, Lin Z, Li W, Lin B, Qiu W, Quan Y, Liu Z, Chen S (2019) In situ synthesis of edge-enriched MoS 2 hierarchical nanorods with 1T/2H hybrid phases for highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Cryst Eng Comm 21(12):1984–1991. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CE00159J10.1039/C9CE00159J ↗
39. Doan TLL, Nguyen DC, Prabhakaran S, Kim DH, Tran DT, Kim NH, Lee JH (2021) Single-atom co-decorated MoS2 nanosheets assembled on metal nitride nanorod arrays as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for pH-universal water splitting. Adv Funct Mater 31(26):2100233. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CE00159J10.1039/C9CE00159J ↗
40. Mustapha S, Tijani J, Ndamitso M, Abdulkareem A, Shuaib D, Amigun A, Abubakar H (2021) Facile synthesis and characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles: X-ray peak profile analysis using Williamson-Hall and Debye-Scherrer methods. Int Nano Lett 11(3):241–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-021-00338-w10.1007/s40089-021-00338-w ↗
41. Yuan J, Wang F, Patel S, Hu Z-L, Tang M, Lou J (2021) Minimizing the water effect in synthesis of high-quality monolayer MoS2 nanosheets: implications for electronic and optoelectronic devices. ACS Appl Nano Mater 4(8):8094–8100. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c0136110.1021/acsanm.1c01361 ↗
42. Leonard N, Ju W, Sinev I, Steinberg J, Luo F, Varela AS, Cuenya BR, Strasser P (2018) The chemical identity, state and structure of catalytically active centers during the electrochemical CO 2 reduction on porous Fe–nitrogen–carbon (Fe–N–C) materials. Chem Sci 9(22):5064–5073. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SC00491A10.1039/C8SC00491A ↗
43. Majee BP, Srivastava V, Mishra AK (2020) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection based on an interconnected network of vertically oriented semiconducting few-layer MoS2 nanosheets. ACS Appl Nano Mater 3(5):4851–4858. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SC00491A10.1039/C8SC00491A ↗
44. Gan X, Zhao H, Lei D, Wang P (2020) Improving electrocatalytic activity of 2H-MoS2 nanosheets obtained by liquid phase exfoliation: covalent surface modification versus interlayer interaction. J Catal 391:424–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2020.09.00910.1016/j.jcat.2020.09.009 ↗
45. Wang S, Zhang D, Li B, Zhang C, Du Z, Yin H, Bi X, Yang S (2018) Ultrastable in-plane 1T–2H MoS2 heterostructures for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction. Adv Energy Mater 8(25):1801345. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20180134510.1002/aenm.201801345 ↗
46. Zhao W, Liu X, Yang X, Liu C, Qian X, Sun T, Chang W, Zhang J, Chen Z (2020) Synthesis of novel 1t/2h-MoS2 from moo3 nanowires with enhanced photocatalytic performance. J Nanomater 10(6):1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano1006112410.3390/nano10061124 ↗
47. Liu M, Li X, Xu Z, Li B, Chen L, Shan N (2012) Synthesis of chain-like MoS2 nanoparticles in W/O reverse microemulsion and application in photocatalysis. Sci Bull 57(30):3862–3866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5339-010.1007/s11434-012-5339-0 ↗
48. Cheng J, Han L, Wei Y, Chen Q. Enhancement of photocatalytic property on ZnS/MoS2 composite under visible light irradiation. MATEC Web Conf. 2017: EDP Sciences; 2017: 01008. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20171080100810.1051/matecconf/201710801008 ↗
49. Lv X, Guo W, Song J, Fu Y (2022) Dynamic 1T-2H mixed-phase MoS2 enables high-performance Li-organosulfide battery. Small 2105071. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20210507110.1002/smll.202105071 ↗
50. Hu X-J, Wang J-S, Liu Y-G, Li X, Zeng G-M, Bao Z-L, Zeng X-X, Chen A-W, Long F (2011) Adsorption of chromium (VI) by ethylenediamine-modified cross-linked magnetic chitosan resin: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics. J Hazard Mater J Hazard Mater 185(1):306–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.03410.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.034 ↗
51. Sun H, Wu T, Zhang Y, Ng DH, Wang G (2018) Structure-enhanced removal of Cr (vi) in aqueous solutions using MoS 2 ultrathin nanosheets. New J Chem 42(11):9006–9015. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ01062E10.1039/C8NJ01062E ↗
52. Di Z-C, Li Y-H, Luan Z-K, Liang J (2004) Adsorption of chromium (VI) ions from water by carbon nanotubes. Adsorp Sci Technol 22(6):467–474. https://doi.org/10.1260/026361704287953710.1260/0263617042879537 ↗
53. Wu Z, Li S, Wan J, Wang Y. Cr (VI) adsorption on an improved synthesised cross-linked chitosan resin. J Mol Liq 170:25–29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2012.03.01610.1016/j.molliq.2012.03.016 ↗
54. Zhang T, Wang W, Zhao Y, Bai H, Wen T, Kang S, Song G, Song S, Komarneni S (2021) Removal of heavy metals and dyes by clay-based adsorbents: from natural clays to 1D and 2D nano-composites. Chem Eng J 420:127574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.12757410.1016/j.cej.2020.127574 ↗
55. Maneechakr P, Karnjanakom S (2021) Facile utilization of magnetic MnO2@ Fe3O4@ sulfonated carbon sphere for selective removal of hazardous Pb (II) ion with an excellent capacity: adsorption behavior/isotherm/kinetic/thermodynamic studies. J Environ Chem Eng 9(5):106191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.10619110.1016/j.jece.2021.106191 ↗
56. Kar S, Equeenuddin S (2019) Adsorption of hexavalent chromium using natural goethite: isotherm, thermodynamic and kinetic study. J Geol Soc India 93(3):285–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-019-1175-z10.1007/s12594-019-1175-z ↗
57. Wu Q, Zhao J, Qin G, Wang C, Tong X, Xue S (2013) Photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI) with TiO2 film under visible light. Appl Catal 142:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.04.05610.1016/j.apcatb.2013.04.056 ↗
58. Chand R, Ramalingam S, Neethirajan S (2018) A 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide MoS 2 based novel nanocomposite and nanocarrier for multiplex miRNA detection. 10(17):8217–8225. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR00697K10.1039/C8NR00697K ↗
59. Ali GA, Thalji MR, Soh WC, Algarni H, Chong KF. One-step electrochemical synthesis of MoS2/graphene composite for supercapacitor application. J Solid State Electrochem 24(1):25–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04449-510.1007/s10008-019-04449-5 ↗
60. Zeng X, Niu L, Song L, Wang X, Shi X, Yan J (2015) Effect of polymer addition on the structure and hydrogen evolution reaction property of nanoflower-like molybdenum disulfide. Metals 5(4):1829–1844. https://doi.org/10.3390/met504182910.3390/met5041829 ↗
61. Li Y, Wang X, Liu M, Luo H, Deng L, Huang L, Wei S, Zhou C, Xu Y (2019) Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots prepared by bipolar-electrode electrochemical scissoring. J Nanomater 9(6):906. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano906090610.3390/nano9060906 ↗
62. Ibrahim S, El-Liethy MA, Abia ALK, Abdel-Gabbar M, Al Zanaty AM, Kamel MM (2020) Design of a bioaugmented multistage biofilter for accelerated municipal wastewater treatment and deactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. Sci Total Environ 703:134786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.13478610.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134786 ↗
63. Zou W, Li X, Li C, Sun Y, Zhang X, Jin C, Jiang K, Zhou Q, Hu X (2020) Influence of size and phase on the biodegradation, excretion, and phytotoxicity persistence of single-layer molybdenum disulfide. ES&T 54(19):12295–12306. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c0264210.1021/acs.est.0c02642 ↗
64. Li K, Wang Z, Zeng H, Sun J, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Hu X (2021) Surface atomic arrangement of nanomaterials affects nanotoxicity. Nanotoxicology 15(1):114–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2020.184491510.1080/17435390.2020.1844915 ↗
65. Teo WZ, Chng ELK, Sofer Z, Pumera M (2014) Cytotoxicity of exfoliated transition-metal dichalcogenides (MoS2, WS2, and WSe2) is lower than that of graphene and its analogues. Chem Eur J 20(31):9627–9632. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.20140268010.1002/chem.201402680 ↗
66. Ahmad N, Abdullah N, Yasin F (2020) Toxicity assessment of reduced graphene oxide and titanium dioxide nanomaterials on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria under normal laboratory lighting condition. Toxicol Rep 7:693–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.01510.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.015 ↗
67. Zhang X, Zhang W, Liu L, Yang M, Huang L, Chen K, Wang R, Yang B, Zhang D, Wang J (2017) Antibiotic-loaded MoS2 nanosheets to combat bacterial resistance via biofilm inhibition. Nanotechnology 28(22):225101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa6c9b10.1088/1361-6528/aa6c9b ↗
68. Bae M, Oh JK, Liu S, Nagabandi N, Yegin Y, DeFlorio W, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Scholar E (2021) Nanotoxicity of 2D molybdenum disulfide, MoS2, nanosheets on beneficial soil bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nanomater 11(6):1453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano1106145310.3390/nano11061453 ↗