Quantitative characterization of nanoparticle agglomeration within biological media
Source abstract
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of nanoparticle dispersion state within biological media is essential to understanding cellular uptake and the roles of diffusion, sedimentation, and endocytosis in determining nanoparticle dose. The dispersion of polymer-coated CdTe/ZnS quantum dots in water and cell growth medium with and without fetal bovine serum was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. Characterization by TEM of samples prepared by plunge freezing the blotted solutions into liquid ethane was sensitive to the dispersion state of the quantum dots and enabled measurement of agglomerate size distributions even in the presence of serum proteins where DLS failed. In addition, TEM showed a reduced packing fraction of quantum dots per agglomerate when dispersed in biological media and serum compared to just water, highlighting the effect of interactions between the media, serum proteins, and the quantum dots. The identification of a heterogeneous distribution of quantum dots and quantum dot agglomerates in cell growth medium and serum by TEM will enable correlation with the previously reported optical metrology of in vitro cellular uptake of this quantum dot dispersion. In this paper, we present a comparative study of TEM and DLS and show that plunge-freeze TEM provides a robust assessment of nanoparticle agglomeration state.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications · Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis · Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (52)
Show source-provided references
1. Adair JH, Parette MP, Altinoğlu EI, Kester M (2010) Nanoparticulate alternatives for drug delivery. ACS Nano 4:4967–497010.1021/nn102324e ↗
2. Albanese A, Chan WCW (2011) Effect of gold nanoparticle aggregation on cell uptake and toxicity. ACS Nano 5:5478–548910.1021/nn2007496 ↗
3. Allouni ZE, Cimpan MR, Høl PJ, Skodvin T, Gjerdet NR (2009) Agglomeration and sedimentation of TiO2 nanoparticles in cell culture medium. Colloids Surf B 68:83–8710.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.09.014 ↗
4. Berne BJ, Pecora R (2000) Dynamic light scattering with applications to chemistry, biology, and physics. Dover Publications Inc., New York
5. Bliss CI, Fisher RA (1953) Fitting the negative binomial distribution to biological data. Biometrics 9:176–20010.2307/3001850 ↗
6. Bonini M, Rossi S, Karlsson G, Almgren M, Lo Nostro P, Baglioni P (2006) Self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin in water. Part 1. Cryo-TEM and dynamic and static light scattering. Langmuir 22:1478–148410.1021/la052878f ↗
7. Borchert H, Shevchenko EV, Robert A, Mekis I, Kornowski A, Grübel G, Weller H (2005) Determination of nanocrystal sizes: a comparison of TEM, SAXS, and XRD studies of highly monodisperse CoPt3 particles. Langmuir 21:1931–193610.1021/la0477183 ↗
8. Cherukuri P, Glazer ES, Curley SA (2010) Targeted hyperthermia using metal nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 8:339–34510.1016/j.addr.2009.11.006 ↗
9. Conner SD, Schmid SL (2003) Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature 422:37–4410.1038/nature01451 ↗
10. Decuzzi P, Ferrari M (2008) The receptor-mediated endocytosis of nonspherical particles. Biophys J 94:3790–379710.1529/biophysj.107.120238 ↗
11. Doak SH, Griffiths SM, Manshian B, Singh N, Williams PM, Brown AP, Jenkins GJS (2009) Confounding experimental considerations in nanogenotoxicology. Mutagenesis 24(4):285–29310.1093/mutage/gep010 ↗
12. Dobro MJ, Melanson LA, Jensen GJ, McDowall AW (2010) Plunge freezing for electron cryomicroscopy. Method Enzymol 481:63–8210.1016/S0076-6879(10)81003-1 ↗
13. Dubochet J (2007) The physics of rapid cooling and its implications for cryoimmobilization of cells. In: McIntosh JR (ed) Cellular electron microscopy, methods in cell biology, vol 79. Elsevier, London, pp 7–2110.1016/S0091-679X(06)79001-X ↗
14. Dutta D, Sundaram SK, Teeguarden JG, Riley BJ, Fifield LS, Jacobs JM, Addleman SR, Kaysen GA, Moudgil BM, Weber TJ (2007) Adsorbed proteins influence the biological activity and molecular targeting of nanomaterials. Toxicol Sci 100(1):303–31510.1093/toxsci/kfm217 ↗
15. Dykstra MJ, Reuss LE (2003) Biological electron microscopy: theory, techniques, and troubleshooting. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York10.1007/978-1-4419-9244-4 ↗
16. Filipe V, Hawe A, Jiskoot W (2010) Critical evaluation of nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) by NanoSight for the measurement of nanoparticles and protein aggregates. Pharm Res 27(5):796–81010.1007/s11095-010-0073-2 ↗
17. Frederik PM, Hubert DH (2005) Cryoelectron microscopy of liposomes. Method Enzymol 391:431–44810.1016/S0076-6879(05)91024-0 ↗
18. Gil PR, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Puntes V, Parak WJ (2010) Correlating physico-chemical with toxicological properties of nanoparticles: the present and the future. ACS Nano 4(10):5527–553110.1021/nn1025687 ↗
19. Glasser L (2004) Water, water, everywhere. J Chem Educ 81(3):414–41810.1021/ed081p414 ↗
20. Hao R, Xing R, Xu Z, Hou Y, Gao S, Sun S (2010) Synthesis, functionalization, and biomedical applications of multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles. Adv Mater 22:2729–274210.1002/adma.201000260 ↗
21. Hardman R (2006) A toxicological review of quantum dots: toxicity depends upon physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 114:165–17210.1289/ehp.8284 ↗
22. Hussain SM, Braydich-Stolle L, Schrand AM, Murdock RC, Yu KO, Mattie DM, Schlager JJ, Terrones M (2009) Toxicity evaluations for safe use of nanomaterials: recent achievements and technical challenges. Adv Mater 21:1549–155910.1002/adma.200801395 ↗
23. Jackson CL, Chanzy HD, Booy FP, Drake BJ, Tomalia DA, Bauer BJ, Amis EJ (1998) Visualization of dendrimer molecules by transmission electron microscopy (TEM): staining methods and cryo-TEM of vitrified solutions. Macromolecules 31:6259–626510.1021/ma9806155 ↗
24. Ji Z, Jin X, George S, Xia T, Meng H, Wang X, Suarez E, Zhang H, Hoek EMV, Godwin H, Nel AE, Zink JI (2010) Dispersion and stability optimization of TiO2 nanoparticles in cell culture media. Environ Sci Technol 44:7309–731410.1021/es100417s ↗
25. Jiang J, Oberdörster G, Biswas P (2009) Characterization of size, surface charge, and agglomeration state of nanoparticle dispersions for toxicological studies. J Nanopart Res 11:77–8910.1007/s11051-008-9446-4 ↗
26. Kaszuba M, Connah MT, McNeil-Watson FK, Nobbmann U (2007) Resolving concentrated particle size mixtures using dynamic light scattering. Part Part Syst Character 24:159–16210.1002/ppsc.200601035 ↗
27. Kim BYS, Rutka JT, Chan WCW (2010) Current concepts: nanomedicine. New Engl J Med 363:2434–244310.1056/NEJMra0912273 ↗
28. Klein KL, Anderson IM, De Jong N (2011) Transmission electron microscopy with a liquid flow cell. J Microsc 242:117–12310.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03484.x ↗
29. Krug HF, Wick P (2011) Nanotoxicology: an interdisciplinary challenge. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:1260–127810.1002/anie.201001037 ↗
30. Lundqvist M, Stigler J, Elia G, Lynch I, Cedervall T, Dawson KA (2008) Nanoparticle size and surface properties determine the protein corona with possible implications for biological impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:14265–1427010.1073/pnas.0805135105 ↗
31. Lynch I, Dawson KA (2008) Protein–nanoparticle interactions. Nano Today 3:40–4710.1016/S1748-0132(08)70014-8 ↗
32. Menéndez-Manjón A, Chichkov BN, Barcikowski S (2010) Influence of water temperature on the hydrodynamic diameter of gold nanoparticles from laser ablation. J Phys Chem C 114:2499–250410.1021/jp909897v ↗
33. Monopoli MP, Walczyk D, Campbell A, Elia G, Lynch I, Baldelli Bombelli F, Dawson KA (2011) Physical–chemical aspects of protein corona: relevance to in vitro and in vivo biological impacts of nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 133(8):2525–253410.1021/ja107583h ↗
34. Mortensen K, Talmon Y (1995) Cryo-TEM and SANS microstructural study of pluronic polymer solutions. Macromolecules 28:8829–883410.1021/ma00130a016 ↗
35. Murdock RC, Braydich-Stolle L, Schrand AM, Schlager JJ, Hussain SM (2008) Characterization of nanomaterial dispersion in solution prior to in vitro exposure using dynamic light scattering technique. Toxicol Sci 101(2):239–25310.1093/toxsci/kfm240 ↗
36. Nel AE, Mädler L, Velegol D, Xia T, Hoek EMV, Somasundaran P, Klaessig F, Castranova V, Thompson M (2009) Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano–bio interface. Nat Mater 8:543–55710.1038/nmat2442 ↗
37. Orts-Gil G, Natte K, Drescher D, Bresch H, Mantion A, Kneipp J, Österle W (2011) Characterisation of silica nanoparticles prior to in vitro studies: from primary particles to agglomerates. J Nanopart Res 13:1593–160410.1007/s11051-010-9910-9 ↗
38. Powers KW, Brown SC, Krishna VB, Wasdo SC, Moudgil BM, Roberts SM (2006) Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials. Part VI. Characterization of nanoscale particles for toxicological evaluation. Toxicol Sci 90(2):296–30310.1093/toxsci/kfj099 ↗
39. Powers KW, Palazuelos M, Moudgil BM, Roberts SM (2007) Characterization of the size, shape, and state of dispersion of nanoparticles for toxicological studies. Nanotoxicology 1(1):42–5110.1080/17435390701314902 ↗
40. Prinzen L, Miserus R-JJHM, Dirksen A, Hackeng TM, Deckers N, Bitsch NJ, Megens RTA, Douma K, Heemskerk JW, Kooi ME, Frederik PM, Slaaf DW, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Reutelingsperger CPM (2007) Optical and magnetic resonance imaging of cell death and platelet activation using annexin A5-functionalised quantum dots. Nano Lett 7(1):93–10010.1021/nl062226r ↗
41. Sabuncu AC, Kalluri BS, Qian S, Stacey MW, Beskok A (2010) Dispersion state and toxicity of mwCNTs in cell culture medium with different T80 concentrations. Colloids Surf B 78:36–4310.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.02.005 ↗
42. Sharma A, Agarwal PK, Deep S (2010) Characterization of different conformations of bovine serum albumin and their propensity to aggregate in the presence of N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide. J Colloid Interface Sci 343:454–46210.1016/j.jcis.2009.12.012 ↗
43. Shi J, Votruba AR, Farokhzad OC, Langer R (2010) Nanotechnology in drug delivery and tissue engineering: from discovery to applications. Nano Lett 10:3223–323010.1021/nl102184c ↗
44. Singh N, Manshian B, Jenkins GJS, Griffiths SM, Williams PM, Maffeis TGG, Wright CJ, Doak SH (2009) NanoGenotoxicology: the DNA damaging potential of engineered nanomaterials. Biomaterials 30:3891–391410.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.009 ↗
45. Summers HD, Rees P, Holton MD, Brown MR, Chappell SC, Smith PJ, Errington RJ (2011) Statistical analysis of nanoparticle dosing in a dynamic cellular system. Nature Nanotechnol 6:170–17410.1038/nnano.2010.277 ↗
46. Teeguarden JG, Hinderliter PM, Orr G, Thrall BD, Pounds JG (2007) Particokinetics in vitro: dosimetry considerations for in vitro nanoparticle toxicity assessments. Toxicol Sci 95(2):300–31210.1093/toxsci/kfl165 ↗
47. Warheit DB (2008) How meaningful are the results of nanotoxicity studies in the absence of adequate materials characterization? Toxicol Sci 101(2):183–18510.1093/toxsci/kfm279 ↗
48. White HD, Walker ML, Trinick J (1998) A computer-controlled spraying-freezing apparatus for millisecond time-resolution electron cryomicroscopy. J Struct Biol 121:306–31310.1006/jsbi.1998.3968 ↗
49. Yang H, Liu C, Yang D, Zhang H, Xi Z (2008) Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition. J Appl Toxicol 29:69–7810.1002/jat.1385 ↗
50. Yeh T-K, Wu J-P, Chang LW, Tsai M-H, Chang W-H, Yang CS, Lin P (2011) Comparative tissue distributions of cadmium chloride and cadmium-based quantum dot 705 in mice: safety implications and applications. Nanotoxicology 5:91–9710.3109/17435390.2010.502260 ↗
51. Zhang S, Li J, Lykotrafitis G, Bao G, Suresh S (2008) Size-dependent endocytosis of nanoparticles. Adv Mater 20:1–610.1002/adma.200890067 ↗
52. Zheng J, Stevenson MS, Hikida RS, Van Patten PG (2002) Influence of pH on dendrimer-protected nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 106:1252–125510.1021/jp013108p ↗