Overview of Nanoparticle Array Formation by Wet Coating
Source abstract
Abstract
We give a concise overview of nanoparticle array formation by wet coating techniques including patterned assembly, surface modification of nanoparticles, rheology, assembling dynamics, and function of nanoparticle arrays. For the rapid fabrication of large-area and/or patterned nanoparticle arrays, wet coating techniques, such as spin, dip, spray, gravure, slot, roll, and ink-jet coating, are promising ways for practical use in combination with an evaporation-driven self-assembly technique. We have also referred to the concept of array formation via surface modification.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies · Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications · Photonic Crystals and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Aizenberg J., P.V. Braun & P. Wiltzius, 2000. Patterned colloidal deposition controlled by electrostatic and capillary forces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2997–3000.10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.2997 ↗
2. Alivisatos A.P., 2000. Colloidal quantum dots. From scaling laws to biological applications. Pure Appl. Chem. 72, 3–9.10.1351/pac200072010003 ↗
3. Auer S. & D. Frenkel, 2001. Suppression of crystal nucleation in polydisperse colloids due to increase of the surface free energy. Nature 413, 711–713.10.1038/35099513 ↗
4. Bakkers E.P.M.A., A.L. Roest, A.W. Marsman, L.W. Jenneskens, L.I. de Jong-van Steensel, J.J. Kelly & D. Vanmaekelbergh, 2000. Characterization of photoinduced electron tunneling in gold/SAM/Q-CdSe systems by time-resolved photoelectrochemistry. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 7266–7272.10.1021/jp000286u ↗
5. Breulmann M., S. Forster & M. Antonietti, 2000. Mesoscopic surface patterns formed by block copolymer micelles. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 201, 204–211.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(20000201)201:2<204::AID-MACP204>3.0.CO;2-1 ↗
6. Cassagneau T., T.E. Mallouk & J.H. Fendler, 1998. Layer-by-layer assembly of thin film zener diodes from conducting polymers and CdSe nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 7848–7859.10.1021/ja9806027 ↗
7. Choi S.Y., Y.-J. Lee, Y.S. Park, K. Ha & K.B. Yoon, 2000. Manolayer assembly of zeolite crystals on glass with fullerene as the covalent linker. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 5201–5209.10.1021/ja000113i ↗
8. Coe S., W.K. Woo, M.G. Bawendi & V. Bulovic, 2002. Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices. Nature 420, 800–803.10.1038/nature01217 ↗
9. Collier C.P., S.E. Henrichs, J.J. Shiang, R.J. Saykally & J.R. Heath, 1997. Reversible tuning of silver quantum dot monolayers through the metal-insulator transition. Science 277, 1978–1981.10.1126/science.277.5334.1978 ↗
10. Collier C.P., T. Vossmeyer & J.R. Heath, 1998. Nanocrystal superlattices. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 49, 371–404.10.1146/annurev.physchem.49.1.371 ↗
11. Correia A., 2001. PHANTOMS: Nanotechnology network for information processing and storage. Nanotechnology 12, 89–90.10.1088/0957-4484/12/2/302 ↗
12. DeRosnay J., 2001. From molecular biology to biotics: The development of bio-, info-and nano-technologies. Cell. Mol. Biol. 47, 1261–1268.
13. Denkov N.D., O.D. Velev, P.A. Kralchevsky, I.B. Ivanov, H. Yoshimura & K. Nagayama, 1992. Mechanism of formation of 2-dimensional crystals from latex-particles on substrates. Langmuir 8, 3183–3190.10.1021/la00048a054 ↗
14. Denkov N.D., O.D. Velev, P.A. Kralchevsky, I.B. Ivanov, H. Yoshimura & K. Nagayama, 1993. 2-dimensional crystallization. Nature 361, 26.10.1038/361026a0 ↗
15. Dollefeld H., H. Weller & A. Eychmuller, 2002. Semiconductor nanocrystal assemblies: Experimental pitfalls and a simple model of particle¶ particle interaction. J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 5604–5608.10.1021/jp013234t ↗
16. Efros A.L. & M. Rosen, 2000. The electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30, 475–521.10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.475 ↗
17. Empedocles S.A., R. Neuhauser, K. Shimizu & M.G. Bawendi, 1999. Photoluminescence from single semiconductor nanostructures. Adv. Mater. 11, 1243–1256.10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199910)11:15<1243::AID-ADMA1243>3.0.CO;2-2 ↗
18. Fan H.Y., Y.F. Lu, A. Stump, S.T. Reed, T. Baer, R. Schunk, V. Perez-Luna, G.P. Lopez & C.J. Brinker, 2000. Rapid prototyping of patterned functional nanostructures. Nature 405, 56–60.10.1038/35011026 ↗
19. Fendler J.H., 1996. Self-assembled nanostructured materials. Chem. Mater. 8, 1616–1624.10.1021/cm960116n ↗
20. Fu Y., H. Xu, S. Bai, D. Qiu, J. Sun, Z. Wang & X. Zhang, 2002. Fabrication of a stable polyelectrolyte/Au nanoparticles multilayer film. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 23, 256–259.10.1002/1521-3927(20020301)23:4<256::AID-MARC256>3.0.CO;2-5 ↗
21. Fuller S.B., E.J. Wilhelm & J.A. Jacobson, 2002. Ink-jet printed nanoparticle microelectromechanical systems. J. Microelectromech. Sys. 11, 54–60.10.1109/84.982863 ↗
22. Godovsky D.Y., 2000. Device applications of polymernanocomposites. Adv. Polym. Sci. 153, 163–205.10.1007/3-540-46414-X_4 ↗
23. Goebbert C., R. Nonninger, M.A. Aegerter & H. Schmidt, 1999. Wet chemical deposition of ATO and ITO coatings using crystalline nanoparticles redispersable in solutions. Thin Solid Films 351, 79–84.10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00209-6 ↗
24. Gray J.J. & R.T. Bonnecaze, 2001. Adsorption of colloidal particles by Brownian dynamics simulation: Kinetics and surface structures. J. Chem. Phys. 114, 1366–1381.10.1063/1.1319317 ↗
25. Grieve K., P. Mulvaney & F. Grieser, 2000. Synthesis and electronic properties of semiconductor nanoparticles/quantum dots. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 5, 168–172.10.1016/S1359-0294(00)00050-9 ↗
26. Gudiksen M.S., L.J. Lauhon, J. Wang, D.C. Smith & C.M. Lieber, 2002. Growth of nanowire superlattice structures for nanoscale photonics and electronics. Nature 415, 617–620.10.1038/415617a ↗
27. Gurioli M., S. Sanguinetti, S. Lozzia, E. Grilli, M. Guzzi, P. Frigeri, S. Franchi, M. Colocci, A. Vinattieri & S. Taddei, 2002. Electronic coupling effects on the optical properties and carrier dynamics of InAs quantum dots. Phys. Status Solidi A 190, 577–581.10.1002/1521-396X(200204)190:2<577::AID-PSSA577>3.0.CO;2-X ↗
28. Gutierrez-Wing C., P. Santiago, J.A. Ascencio, A. Camacho & M. Jose-Yacaman, 2000. Self-assembling of gold nanoparticles in one, two, and three dimensions. Appl. Phys. A 71, 237–243.10.1007/s003390000522 ↗
29. Harfenist S.A., Z.L. Wang, M.M. Alvarez, I. Vezmar & R.L. Whetten, 1996. Highly oriented molecular Ag nanocrystal arrays. J. Phys. Chem. 100, 13904–13910.10.1021/jp961764x ↗
30. Hayward R.C., D.A. Saville & I.A. Aksay, 2000. Electrophoretic assembly of colloidal crystals with optically tunable micropatterns. Nature 404, 56–59.10.1038/35003530 ↗
31. He H.X., H. Zhang, Q.G. Li, T. Zhu, S.F.Y. Li & Z.F. Liu, 2000. Fabrication of designed architectures of Au nanoparticles on solid substrate with printed self-assembled monolayers as templates. Langmuir 16, 3846–3851.10.1021/la991356v ↗
32. Hong Y.K., H. Kim, G. Lee, W. Kim, J.I. Park, J. Cheon & J.Y. Koo, 2002. Controlled two-dimensional distribution of nanoparticles by spin-coating method. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 844–846.10.1063/1.1445811 ↗
33. Horigome M., M. Yada & H. Watanabe, 2002. Rheology of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene) particles suspended in water: Effects of electrostatic surface layer. Rheol. Acta 41, 383–393.10.1007/s00397-001-0218-7 ↗
34. Hua F., J. Shi, Y. Lvov & T. Cui, 2002. Patterning of layer-by-layer self-assembled multiple types of nanoparticle thin films by lithographic technique. Nano Lett. 2, 1219–1222.10.1021/nl0257521 ↗
35. Huang Z., V.S. Thiagarajan, O.K. Lyngberg, L.E. Scriven & M.C. Flickinger, 1999. Microstructure evolution in polymer latex coatings for whole-cell biocatalyst application. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 215, 226–243.10.1006/jcis.1999.6178 ↗
36. Huh J., V.V. Ginzburg & A.C. Balazs, 2000. Thermodynamic behavior of particle/diblock copolymer mixtures: Simulation and theory. Macromolecules 33, 8085–8096.10.1021/ma000708y ↗
37. Islam M.A. & I.P. Herman, 2002. Electrodeposition of patterned CdSe nanocrystal films using thermally charged nanocrystals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3823–3825.10.1063/1.1480878 ↗
38. Jacobson J.M., B.N. Hubert, B. Ridley, B. Nivi & S. Fuller, 2001. Nanoparticle-based electrical, chemical, and mechanical structures and methods of making same. United States Patent 6,294,401.
39. Jones R.B. & R. Kutteh, 2000. Effect of hydrodynamic interactions on the irreversible deposition of colloidal particles: Deposition algorithm and simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 112, 11080–11094.10.1063/1.481760 ↗
40. Kagan C.R., C.B. Murray, M. Nirmal & M.G. Bawendi, 1996a. Electronic energy transfer in CdSe quantum dot solids. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1517–1520.10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.1517 ↗
41. Kagan C.R., C.B. Murray & M.G. Bawendi, 1996b. Long-range resonance transfer of electronic excitations in close-packed CdSe quantum-dot solids. Phys. Rev. B 54, 8633–8643.10.1103/PhysRevB.54.8633 ↗
42. Kim S.-H., G. Medeiros-Ribeiro, D.A.A. Ohlberg, R.S. Williams & J.R. Heath, 1999. Individual and collective electronic properties of Ag nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 10341–10347.10.1021/jp991952y ↗
43. Kimura J., S. Maenosono & Y. Yamaguchi, 2003. Near-field optical recording on a CdSe nanocrystal thin film. Nanotechnology 14, 69–72.10.1088/0957-4484/14/1/316 ↗
44. Kralchevsky P.A. & N.D. Denkov, 2001. Capillary forces and structuring in layers of colloid particles. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 6, 383–401.10.1016/S1359-0294(01)00105-4 ↗
45. Kumaraswamy G., A.M. Dibaj & F. Caruso, 2002. Photonic materials from self-assembly of ‘tolerant’ core-shell coated colloids. Langmuir 18, 4150–4154.10.1021/la011772r ↗
46. Lee G.S., Y.-J. Lee & K.B. Yoon, 2001. Layer-by-layer assembly of zeolite crystals on glass with polyelectrolytes as ionic likers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 9767–9779.
47. Liao Q., L.S. Chen, X.Z. Qu & X.G. Jin, 2000. Brownian dynamics simulation of film formation of mixed polymer latex in the water evaporation stage. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 227, 84–94.10.1006/jcis.2000.6867 ↗
48. Lin X.M., H.M. Jaeger, C.M. Sorensen & K.J. Klabunde, 2001. Formation of long-range-ordered nanocrystal superlattices on silicon nitride substrates. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 3353–3357.10.1021/jp0102062 ↗
49. Lionberger R.A., 2002. Viscosity of bimodal and polydisperse colloidal suspensions. Phys. Rev. E 65, 61408.10.1103/PhysRevE.65.061408 ↗
50. Lippacher A., R.H. Muller & K. Mader, 2000. Investigation on the viscoelastic properties of lipid based colloidal drug carriers. Int. J. Pharm. 196, 227–230.10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00428-7 ↗
51. Lopes W.A. & H.M. Jaeger, 2001. Hierarchical self-assembly of metal nanostructures on diblock copolymer scaffolds. Nature 414, 735–738.10.1038/414735a ↗
52. Lordi V., N. Yao & J. Wei, 2001. Method for supporting platinum on single-walled carbon nanotubes for a selective hydrogenation catalyst. Chem. Mater. 13, 733–737.10.1021/cm000210a ↗
53. Maenosono S., C.D. Dushkin, S. Saita & Y. Yamaguchi, 1999a. Growth of a semiconductor nanoparticle ring during the drying of a suspension droplet. Langmuir 15, 957–965.10.1021/la980702q ↗
54. Maenosono S., C.D. Dushkin, Y. Yamaguchi, K. Nagayama & Y. Tsuji, 1999b. Effect of growth conditions on the structure of two-dimensional latex crystals: Modeling. Colloid Polym. Sci. 277, 1152–1161.10.1007/s003960050504 ↗
55. Maenosono S., C.D. Dushkin, S. Saita & Y. Yamaguchi, 2000. Optical memory media based on excitation-time dependent luminescence from a thin film of semiconductor nanocrystals. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39, 4006–4012.10.1143/JJAP.39.4006 ↗
56. Maenosono S., E. Ozaki, K. Yoshie & Y. Yamaguchi, 2001. Nonlinear photoluminescence behavior in closely packed CdSe nanocrystal thin films. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, L638–L641.10.1143/JJAP.40.L638 ↗
57. Malko A.V., A.A. Mikhailovsky, M.A. Petruska, J.A. Hollingsworth, H. Htoon, M.G. Bawendi & V.I. Klimov, 2002. From amplified spontaneous emission to microring lasing using nanocrystal quantum dot solids. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1303–1305.10.1063/1.1497708 ↗
58. Mann S., W. Shenton, M. Li, S. Connolly & D. Fitzmaurice, 2000. Biologically programmed nanoparticle assembly. Adv. Mater. 12, 147–150.10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200001)12:2<147::AID-ADMA147>3.0.CO;2-U ↗
59. Maranzano B.J. & N.J. Wagner, 2002. Flow-small angle neutron scattering measurements of colloidal dispersion microstructure evolution through the shear thickening transition. J. Chem. Phys. 117, 10291–10302.10.1063/1.1519253 ↗
60. Medeiros-Ribeiro G., D.A.A. Ohlberg, R.S. Williams & J.R. Heath, 1999. Rehybridization of electronic structure in compressed two-dimensional quantum dot superlattices. Phys. Rev. B 59, 1633–1636.10.1103/PhysRevB.59.1633 ↗
61. Moriarty P., 2001. Nanostructured materials. Rep. Prog. Phys. 64, 297–381.10.1088/0034-4885/64/3/201 ↗
62. Moritz J., S. Landis, J.C. Toussaint, P. Bayle-Guillemaud, B. Rodmacq, G. Casali, A. Lebib, Y. Chen, J.P. Nozieres & B. Dieny, 2002. Patterned media made from pre-etched wafers: A promising route toward ultrahigh-density magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Mag. 38 1731–1736.10.1109/TMAG.2002.1017764 ↗
63. Morkved T.L., M. Lu, A.M. Urbas, E.E. Ehrichs, H.M. Jaeger, P. Mansky & T.P. Russell, 1996. Local control of microdomain orientation in diblock copolymer thin films with electric fields. Science 273, 931–933.10.1126/science.273.5277.931 ↗
64. Morris J.F. & B. Katyal, 2002. Microstructure from simulated Brownian suspension flows at large shear rate. Phys. Fluids 14, 1920–1937.10.1063/1.1476745 ↗
65. Motte L., E. Lacaze, M. Maillard & M.P. Pileni, 2000. Self-assemblies of silver sulfide nanocrystals on various substrates. Langmuir 16, 3803–3812.10.1021/la9908283 ↗
66. Muller R.H., K. Mader & S. Gohla, 2000. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery ¶ a review of the state of the art. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50, 161–177.10.1016/S0939-6411(00)00087-4 ↗
67. Murray C.B., C.R. Kagan & M.G. Bawendi, 1995. Selforganization of CdSe nanocrystallites into 3-dimensional quantum-dot superlattices. Science 270, 1335–1338.10.1126/science.270.5240.1335 ↗
68. Nagayama K., 1993. Fabrication of 2-dimensional colloidal arrays. Phase Transit. 45, 185–203.10.1080/01411599308223723 ↗
69. Nagayama K., 1996. Two-dimensional self-assembly of colloids in thin liquid films. Colloids Surf. A 109, 363–374.10.1016/0927-7757(95)03467-6 ↗
70. Nakanishi T., B. Ohtani & K. Uosaki, 1998. Fabrication and characterization of CdS-nanoparticle mono-and multilayers on a self-assembled monolayer of alkanedithiols on gold. J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 1571–1577.10.1021/jp973046w ↗
71. Nishikawa H., S. Maenosono, Y. Yamaguchi & T. Okubo, 2003. Self-assembling process of colloidal particles into twodimensional arrays induced by capillary immersion force: A simulation study with discrete element method. J. Nanopart. Res. 5, 103–110.10.1023/A:1024489832472 ↗
72. Perez H., R.M.L. de Sousa, J.P. Pradeau & P.A. Albouy, 2001. Elaboration and electrical characterization of Langmuir¶ Blodgett films of 4-mercaptoaniline functionalized platinum nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 13, 1512–1517.10.1021/cm001183r ↗
73. Petit C., A. Taleb & M.P. Pileni, 1999. Cobalt nanosized particles organized in a 2D superlattice: Synthesis, characterization, and magnetic properties. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 1805–1810.10.1021/jp982755m ↗
74. Phely-Bobin T.S., R.J. Muisener, J.T. Koberstein & F. Papadimirakopoulos, 2001. Site-specific self-assembly of Si/SiOx nanoparticles on micropatterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) thin films. Synthetic Met. 116, 439–443.10.1016/S0379-6779(00)00410-0 ↗
75. Pileni M.P., 2001. Nanocrystal self-assemblies: Fabrication and collective properties. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 3358–3371.10.1021/jp0039520 ↗
76. Piner R.D., J. Zhu, F. Xu, S.H. Hong & C.A. Mirkin, 1999. ‘Dip-pen’ nanolithography. Science 283, 661–663.10.1126/science.283.5402.661 ↗
77. Powell C., N. Fenwick, F. Bresme & N. Quirke, 2002. Wetting of nanoparticles and nanoparticle arrays. Colloids Surf. A 206, 241–251.10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00079-1 ↗
78. Rao C.N.R. & A.K. Cheetham, 2001. Science and technology of nanomaterials: Current status and future prospects. J. Mat. Chem. 11, 2887–2894.10.1039/b105058n ↗
79. Russier V., C. Petit, J. Legrand & M.P. Pileni, 2000. Collective magnetic properties of cobalt nanocrystals self-assembled in a hexagonal network: Theoretical model supported by experiments. Phys. Rev. B 62, 3910–3916.10.1103/PhysRevB.62.3910 ↗
80. Salamanca J.M., E. Ciampi, D.A. Faux, P.M. Glover, P.J. McDonald, A.F. Routh, A.C.I.A. Peters, R. Satguru & J.L. Keddie, 2001. Lateral drying in thick films of waterborne colloidal particles. Langmuir 17, 3202–3207.10.1021/la001590h ↗
81. Schilling J., R.B. Wehrspohn, A. Birner, F. Muller, R. Hillebrand, U. Gosele, S.W. Leonard, J.P. Mondia, F. Genereux, H.M. van Driel, P. Kramper, V. Sandoghdar & K. Busch, 2001. A model system for two-dimensional and threedimensional photonic crystals: Macroporous silicon. J. Opt. A 3, S121–S132.10.1088/1464-4258/3/6/362 ↗
82. Schmidt H., 2001. Nanoparticles by chemical synthesis, processing to materials and innovative applications. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 15, 331–343.10.1002/aoc.169 ↗
83. Schoonman J., 2000. Nanostructured materials in solid state ionics. Solid State Ionics 135, 5–19.10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00324-6 ↗
84. Setter N. & R. Waser, 2000. Electroceramic materials. Acta Mater. 48, 151–178.10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00293-1 ↗
85. Shchukin V.A. & D. Bimberg, 1999. Spontaneous ordering of nanostructures on crystal surfaces. Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 1125–1171.10.1103/RevModPhys.71.1125 ↗
86. Shenton W., S.A. Davis & S. Mann, 1999. Directed self-assembly of nanoparticles into macroscopic materials using antibody¶ antigen recognition. Adv. Mater. 11, 449–452.10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199904)11:6<449::AID-ADMA449>3.0.CO;2-A ↗
87. Shiang J.J., J.R. Heath, C.P. Collier & R.J. Saykally, 1998. Cooperative phenomena in artificial solids made from silver quantum dots: The importance of classical coupling. J. Phys. Chem. B 102 3425–3430.10.1021/jp981315s ↗
88. Shimomura M. & T. Sawadaishi, 2001. Bottom-up strategy of materials fabrication: A new trend in nanotechnology of soft materials. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 6, 11–16.10.1016/S1359-0294(00)00081-9 ↗
89. Shipway A.N., E. Katz & I. Willner, 2000. Nanoparticle arrays on surfaces for electronic, optical, and sensor applications. ChemPhysChem 1, 18–52.10.1002/1439-7641(20000804)1:1<18::AID-CPHC18>3.0.CO;2-L ↗
90. Shipway A.N. & I. Willner, 2001. Nanoparticles as structural and functional units in surface-confined architectures. Chem. Commun. 20, 2035–2045.10.1039/b105164b ↗
91. Stein A. & R.C. Schroden, 2001. Colloidal crystal templating of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous solids: Materials for photonics and beyond. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 5, 553–564.10.1016/S1359-0286(01)00022-5 ↗
92. Sun S.H. & C.B. Murray, 1999. Synthesis of monodisperse cobalt nanocrystals and their assembly into magnetic superlattices. J. Appl. Phys. 85, 4325–4330.10.1063/1.370357 ↗
93. Sun S.H., C.B. Murray, D. Weller, L. Folks & A. Moser, 2000. Monodisperse FePt nanopartolces and ferromagnetic FePt nanocrystal superlattice. Science 287, 1989–1992.10.1126/science.287.5460.1989 ↗
94. Taleb A., V. Russier, A. Courty & M.P. Pileni, 1999. Collective optical properties of silver nanoparticles organized in two-dimensional superlattices. Phys. Rev. B 59, 13350–13358.10.1103/PhysRevB.59.13350 ↗
95. Teranishi T., M. Hosoe, T. Tanaka & M. Miyake, 1999. Size control of monodispersed Pt nanoparticles and their 2D organization by electrophoretic deposition. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 3818–3827.10.1021/jp983478m ↗
96. Thomas J.M., R. Raja, G. Sankar, R.G. Bell & D.W. Lewis, 2001. Benign by design. New catalysts for an environmentally conscious age. Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1087–1101.10.1351/pac200173071087 ↗
97. Tomalia D.A., Z.G. Wang & M. Tirrell, 1999. Experimental self-assembly: The many facets of self-assembly. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 4, 3–5.10.1016/S1359-0294(99)00005-9 ↗
98. Wang K.L., 2002. Issues of nanoelectronics: A possible roadmap. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2, 235–266.10.1166/jnn.2002.115 ↗
99. Wang L.Y., X.H. Ji, X.T. Zhang, Y.B. Bai, T.J. Li, Z.Z. Zhi, X.G. Kong & Y.C. Liu, 2002. Gold nanoparticles as fine tuners of electrochemical properties of the electrode/solution interface. Langmuir 18, 9947–9952.10.1021/la026022b ↗
100. Wang T., N. Moll, K.J. Cho & J.D. Joannopoulos, 1999. Deliberately designed materials for optoelectronics applications. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3304–3307.10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3304 ↗