A short review on stable metal nanoparticles using ionic liquids, supported ionic liquids, and poly(ionic liquids)
Source abstract
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are a subject of global interest in research community due to their diverse applications in various fields of science. The stabilization of these metal NPs is of great concern in order to avoid their agglomerization during their applications. There is a huge pool of cations and anions available for the selection of ionic liquids (ILs) as stabilizers for the synthesis of metal NPs. ILs are known for their tunable nature allowing the fine tuning of NPs size and solubility by varying the substitutions on the heteroatom as well as the counter anions. However, there has been a debate over the stability of metal NPs stabilized by ILs over a long period of time and also upon their recycling and reuse in organocatalytic reactions. ILs covalently attached to solid supports (SILLPs) have given a new dimension for the stabilization of metal NPs as well as their separation, recovery, and reuse in organocatalytic reactions. Poly(ILs) (PILs) or polyelectrolytes have created a significant revolution in the polymer science owing to their characteristic properties of polymers as well as ILs. This dual behavior of PILs has facilitated the stabilization of PIL-stabilized metal NPs over a long period of time with negligible or no change in particle size, stability, and size distribution upon recycling in catalysis. This review provides an insight into the different types of imidazolium-based ILs, supported ILs, and PILs used so far for the stabilization of metal NPs and their applications as a function of their cations and counter anions.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Ionic liquids properties and applications · Nanomaterials for catalytic reactions · Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Alexandridis P (2011) Gold nanoparticle synthesis, morphology control, and stabilization facilitated by functional polymers. Chem Eng Technol 34(1):15–2810.1002/ceat.201000335 ↗
2. Anderson EB, Long TE (2010) Imidazole- and imidazolium-containing polymers for biology and material science applications. Polymer 51(12):2447–245410.1016/j.polymer.2010.02.006 ↗
3. Anja-Verena M, Tarek A, Tobias B, Kai R (2009) Nanoparticle synthesis in ionic liquids: from knowledge to application. In: ACS symposium series, vol 1030. American Chemical Society, pp 177–188
4. Antonietti M, Kuang D, Smarsly B, Zhou Y (2004) Ionic liquids for the convenient synthesis of functional nanoparticles and other inorganic nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed 43(38):4988–499210.1002/anie.200460091 ↗
5. Astruc D (2008) Nanoparticles and catalysis. Wiley Online Library, Weinheim
6. Batra D, Seifert S, Firestone MA (2007) The effect of cation structure on the mesophase architecture of self-assembled and polymerized imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Macromol Chem Phys 208(13):1416–142710.1002/macp.200700174 ↗
7. Baudequin C, Baudoux J, Levillain J, Cahard D, Gaumont A-C, Plaquevent J-C (2003) Ionic liquids and chirality: opportunities and challenges. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 14:3081–309310.1016/S0957-4166(03)00596-2 ↗
8. Bivona LA, Giacalone F, Vaccaro L, Aprile C, Gruttadauria M (2015) Cross-linked thiazolidine network as support for palladium: a new catalyst for Suzuki and Heck reactions. ChemCatChem 7(16):2526–253310.1002/cctc.201500408 ↗
9. Burguete MI, García-Verdugo E, Garcia-Villar I, Gelat F, Licence P, Luis SV, Sans V (2010) Pd catalysts immobilized onto gel-supported ionic liquid-like phases (g-SILLPs): a remarkable effect of the nature of the support. J Catal 269(1):150–16010.1016/j.jcat.2009.11.002 ↗
10. Burguete IM, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV, Restrepo JA (2011) Preparation of polymer-supported gold nanoparticles based on resins containing ionic liquid-like fragments: easy control of size and stability. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13(33):14831–1483810.1039/c1cp20970a ↗
11. Buscemi R, Giacalone F, Orecchio S, Gruttadauria M (2014) Cross-linked imidazolium salts as scavengers for palladium. ChemPlusChem 79(3):421–42610.1002/cplu.201300361 ↗
12. Cao G (2004) Nanostructures and nanomaterials: synthesis, properties and applications. World Scientific, Singapore10.1142/p305 ↗
13. Caseri WR (2013) In-situ synthesis of polymer-embedded nanostructures. In: Nicolais L, Carotenuto G (eds) Nanocomposites. Wiley, New Jersey, pp 45–7210.1002/9781118742655.ch2 ↗
14. Cassol CC, Umpierre AP, Machado G, Wolke SI, Dupont J (2005) The role of Pd nanoparticles in ionic liquid in the Heck reaction. J Am Chem Soc 127(10):3298–329910.1021/ja0430043 ↗
15. Chu H, Shen Y, Lin L, Qin X, Feng G, Lin Z, Wang J, Liu H, Li Y (2010) Ionic-liquid-assisted preparation of carbon nanotube-supported uniform noble metal nanoparticles and their enhanced catalytic performance. Adv Funct Mater 20(21):3747–375210.1002/adfm.201001240 ↗
16. Chun YS, Shin JY, Song CE, Lee S-g (2008) Palladium nanoparticles supported onto ionic carbon nanotubes as robust recyclable catalysts in an ionic liquid. Chem Commun (8):942–944. doi: 10.1039/b715463a10.1039/B715463A ↗
17. Corbierre MK, Cameron NS, Sutton M, Mochrie SGJ, Lurio LB, Rühm A, Lennox RB (2001) Polymer-stabilized gold nanoparticles and their incorporation into polymer matrices. J Am Chem Soc 123(42):10411–1041210.1021/ja0166287 ↗
18. Crooks RM, Zhao M, Sun L, Chechik V, Yeung LK (2001) Dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and applications to catalysis. Acc Chem Res 34(3):181–19010.1021/ar000110a ↗
19. Dani A, Crocellà V, Maddalena L, Barolo C, Bordiga S, Groppo E (2015) A spectroscopic study on the surface properties and catalytic performances of Pd nanoparticles in poly(ionic liquid)s. J Phys Chem C 120(3):1683–169210.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11137 ↗
20. Deki S, Sayo K, Fujita T, Yamada A, Hayashi S (1999) Dispersion of nano-sized gold particles into polymers: dependence on terminal groups of polymers and morphology of vapor-deposited gold. J Mater Chem 9(4):943–94710.1039/a900012g ↗
21. Derjaguin BV, Landau LD (1941) Theory of the stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and of the adhesion of strongly charged particles in solutions of electrolytes. Acta Physicochim URSS 14:733–762
22. Domènech B, Muñoz M, Muraviev DN, Macanás J (2011) Polymer-stabilized palladium nanoparticles for catalytic membranes: ad hoc polymer fabrication. Nanoscale Res Lett 6:1–510.1186/1556-276X-6-406 ↗
23. Dupont J, Scholten JD (2010) On the structural and surface properties of transition-metal nanoparticles in ionic liquids. Chem Soc Rev 39(5):1780–180410.1039/b822551f ↗
24. Dupont J, Fonseca GS, Umpierre AP, Fichtner PFP, Teixeira SR (2002) Transition-metal nanoparticles in imidazolium ionic liquids: recyclable catalysts for biphasic hydrogenation reactions. J Am Chem Soc 124(16):4228–422910.1021/ja025818u ↗
25. Dutta P, Pal S, Seehra MS, Anand M, Roberts CB (2007) Magnetism in dodecanethiol-capped gold nanoparticles: role of size and capping agent. Appl Phys Lett 90(21):21310210.1063/1.2740577 ↗
26. El-Sayed MA (2001) Some interesting properties of metals confined in time and nanometer space of different shapes. Acc Chem Res 34(4):257–26410.1021/ar960016n ↗
27. Fedlheim DL, Foss CA (2001) Metal nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and applications. Taylor and Francis, London10.1201/9780367800475 ↗
28. Fonseca GS, Umpierre AP, Fichtner PFP, Teixeira SR, Dupont J (2003) The use of imidazolium ionic liquids for the formation and stabilization of Ir0 and Rh0 nanoparticles: efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of arenes. Chem Eur J 9(14):3263–326910.1002/chem.200304753 ↗
29. Fonseca GS, Machado G, Teixeira SR, Fecher GH, Morais J, Alves MCM, Dupont J (2006) Synthesis and characterization of catalytic iridium nanoparticles in imidazolium ionic liquids. J Colloid Interface Sci 301(1):193–20410.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.073 ↗
30. Gelesky MA, Umpierre AP, Machado G, Correia RRB, Magno WC, Morais J, Ebeling G, Dupont J (2005) Laser-induced fragmentation of transition metal nanoparticles in ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 127(13):4588–458910.1021/ja042711t ↗
31. Gelesky MA, Scheeren CW, Foppa L, Pavan FA, Dias SLP, Dupont J (2009) Metal nanoparticle/ionic liquid/cellulose: new catalytically active membrane materials for hydrogenation reactions. Biomacromolecules 10(7):1888–189310.1021/bm9003089 ↗
32. Gonzalez CM, Liu Y, Scaiano JC (2009) Photochemical strategies for the facile synthesis of gold–silver alloy and core–shell bimetallic nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 113(27):11861–1186710.1021/jp902061v ↗
33. Gottschalk F, Sonderer T, Scholz RW, Nowack B (2009) Modeled environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, fullerenes) for different regions. Environ Sci Technol 43(24):9216–922210.1021/es9015553 ↗
34. Gracia R, Vijayakrishna K, Mecerreyes D (2014) Poly(ionic liquid)s with redox active counter-anions: all-in-one reactants and stabilizers for the synthesis of functional colloids. React Funct Polym 79:54–5810.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.03.005 ↗
35. Grubbs RB (2007) Roles of polymer ligands in nanoparticle stabilization. Polym Rev 47(2):197–21510.1080/15583720701271245 ↗
36. Gruttadauria M, Liotta LF, Salvo AMP, Giacalone F, La Parola V, Aprile C, Noto R (2011) Multi-layered, covalently supported ionic liquid phase (MLC-SILP) as highly cross-linked support for recyclable palladium catalysts for the Suzuki reaction in aqueous medium. Adv Synth Catal 353(11–12):2119–213010.1002/adsc.201100186 ↗
37. Gu Y, Li G (2009) Ionic liquids-based catalysis with solids: state of the art. Adv Synth Catal 351(6):817–84710.1002/adsc.200900043 ↗
38. Gutel T, Garcia-Anton J, Pelzer K, Philippot K, Santini CC, Chauvin Y, Chaudret B, Basset J-M (2007) Influence of the self-organization of ionic liquids on the size of ruthenium nanoparticles: effect of the temperature and stirring. J Mater Chem 17(31):3290–329210.1039/b706139k ↗
39. Hajipour AR, Rafiee F (2015) Recent progress in ionic liquids and their applications in organic synthesis. Org Prep Proced Int 47(4):249–30810.1080/00304948.2015.1052317 ↗
40. Hallett JP, Welton T (2011) Room-temperature ionic liquids: solvents for synthesis and catalysis 2. Chem Rev 111(5):3508–357610.1021/cr1003248 ↗
41. He Z, Alexandridis P (2015) Nanoparticles in ionic liquids: interactions and organization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(28):18238–1826110.1039/C5CP01620G ↗
42. He X, Liu Z, Fan F, Qiang S, Cheng L, Yang W (2015) Poly(ionic liquids) hollow nanospheres with PDMAEMA as joint support of highly dispersed gold nanoparticles for thermally adjustable catalysis. J Nanopart Res 17(74):1–1010.4028/www.scientific.net/JNanoR.33.1 ↗
43. Hoppe CE, Lazzari M, Pardiñas-Blanco I, López-Quintela MA (2006) One-step synthesis of gold and silver hydrosols using poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) as a reducing agent. Langmuir 22(16):7027–703410.1021/la060885d ↗
44. Huang J, Jiang T, Gao H, Han B, Liu Z, Wu W, Chang Y, Zhao G (2004) Pd nanoparticles immobilized on molecular sieves by ionic liquids: heterogeneous catalysts for solvent-free hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed 43(11):1397–139910.1002/anie.200352682 ↗
45. Hubert F, Testard F, Spalla O (2008) Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide silver bromide complex as the capping agent of gold nanorods. Langmuir 24(17):9219–922210.1021/la801711q ↗
46. Hutchings GJ, Brust M, Schmidbaur H (2008) Gold—an introductory perspective. Chem Soc Rev 37(9):1759–176510.1039/b810747p ↗
47. Isik M, Fernandes AM, Vijayakrishna K, Paulis M, Mecerreyes D (2016) Preparation of poly(ionic liquid) nanoparticles and their novel application as flocculants for water purification. Polym Chem 7(8):1668–167410.1039/C5PY02001H ↗
48. Itoh H, Naka K, Chujo Y (2004) Synthesis of gold nanoparticles modified with ionic liquid based on the imidazolium cation. J Am Chem Soc 126(10):3026–302710.1021/ja039895g ↗
49. Jiang J, Oberdörster G, Biswas P (2009) Characterization of size, surface charge, and agglomeration state of nanoparticle dispersions for toxicological studies. J Nanopart Res 11(1):77–8910.1007/s11051-008-9446-4 ↗
50. Karbass N, Sans V, Garcia-Verdugo E, Burguete MI, Luis SV (2006) Pd(0) supported onto monolithic polymers containing IL-like moieties. Continuous flow catalysis for the Heck reaction in near-critical EtoH. Chem Commun (29):3095–309710.1039/b603224a ↗
51. Ke P, Jiao X-N, Ge X-H, Xiao W-M, Yu B (2014) From macro to micro: structural biomimetic materials by electrospinning. RSC Adv 4(75):39704–3972410.1039/C4RA05098C ↗
52. Kim JW, Choi BG (2014) Polymeric ionic liquid-promoted high dispersion of Pt nanoparticles on graphene. Mater Lett 132:373–37610.1016/j.matlet.2014.06.125 ↗
53. Kim K-S, Demberelnyamba D, Lee H (2004) Size-selective synthesis of gold and platinum nanoparticles using novel thiol-functionalized ionic liquids. Langmuir 20(3):556–56010.1021/la0355848 ↗
54. Kim T, Lee K, M-s Gong, Joo S-W (2005) Control of gold nanoparticle aggregates by manipulation of interparticle interaction. Langmuir 21(21):9524–952810.1021/la0504560 ↗
55. Kim TY, Lee HW, Stoller M, Dreyer DR, Bielawski CW, Ruoff RS, Suh KS (2010) High-performance supercapacitors based on poly(ionic liquid)-modified graphene electrodes. ACS Nano 5(1):436–44210.1021/nn101968p ↗
56. Krämer J, Redel E, Thomann R, Janiak C (2008) Use of ionic liquids for the synthesis of iron, ruthenium, and osmium nanoparticles from their metal carbonyl precursors. Organometallics 27(9):1976–197810.1021/om800056z ↗
57. Kume Y, Qiao K, Tomida D, Yokoyama C (2008) Selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde catalyzed by palladium nanoparticles immobilized on ionic liquids modified-silica gel. Catal Commun 9(3):369–37510.1016/j.catcom.2007.07.012 ↗
58. Kundu TK, Karak N, Barik P, Saha S (2011) Optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by chemical method using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as capping agent. IJSCE 1:19–24
59. Kvítek L, Panáček A, Soukupová J, Kolář M, Večeřová R, Prucek R, Holecová M, Zbořil R (2008) Effect of surfactants and polymers on stability and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (NPs). J Phys Chem C 112(15):5825–583410.1021/jp711616v ↗
60. Lee W, Scholz R, Nielsch K, Gösele U (2005) A template-based electrochemical method for the synthesis of multisegmented metallic nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed 44(37):6050–605410.1002/anie.200501341 ↗
61. Leong WL, Lee PS, Lohani A, Lam YM, Chen T, Zhang S, Dodabalapur A, Mhaisalkar SG (2008) Non-volatile organic memory applications enabled by in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles in a self-assembled block copolymer. Adv Mater 20(12):2325–233110.1002/adma.200702567 ↗
62. Leslie-Pelecky DL, Rieke RD (1996) Magnetic properties of nanostructured materials. Chem Mater 8(8):1770–178310.1021/cm960077f ↗
63. Li J, Liang J, Wu W, Zhang S, Zhang K, Zhou H (2014) AuCl4 − responsive self-assembly of ionic liquid block copolymers for obtaining composite gold nanoparticles and polymeric micelles with controlled morphologies. N J Chem 38(6):2508–251310.1039/c4nj00128a ↗
64. Li L, Liu X, Lu J, Liu Y, Lu X (2015a) A green electrochemical sensor based on a poly(ionic liquid)–graphene nanocomposite modified electrode for Sudan I determination. Anal Methods 7:6595–660110.1039/C5AY01360G ↗
65. Li JB, Zhang SJ, Liang J, Wu WL, Guo JW, Zhou HY (2015b) One-dimensional assembly of polymeric ionic liquid capped gold nanoparticles driven by electrostatic dipole interaction. RSC Adv 5(11):7994–800110.1039/C4RA14625E ↗
66. Linhardt R, Kainz QM, Grass RN, Stark WJ, Reiser O (2014) Palladium nanoparticles supported on ionic liquid modified, magnetic nanobeads—recyclable, high-capacity catalysts for alkene hydrogenation. RSC Adv 4(17):8541–854910.1039/c3ra46946h ↗
67. Lowe AB, Sumerlin BS, Donovan MS, McCormick CL (2002) Facile preparation of transition metal nanoparticles stabilized by well-defined (co)polymers synthesized via aqueous reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 124(39):11562–1156310.1021/ja020556h ↗
68. Lu J, Yan F, Texter J (2009) Advanced applications of ionic liquids in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 34(5):431–44810.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.12.001 ↗
69. Łuczak J, Paszkiewicz M, Krukowska A, Malankowska A, Zaleska-Medynska A (2016) Ionic liquids for nano- and microstructures preparation. Part 2: application in synthesis. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 227:1–5210.1016/j.cis.2015.08.010 ↗
70. Luska KL, Julis J, Stavitski E, Zakharov DN, Adams A, Leitner W (2014) Bifunctional nanoparticle-SILP catalysts (NPs@SILP) for the selective deoxygenation of biomass substrates. Chem Sci 5(12):4895–490510.1039/C4SC02033B ↗
71. Luska KL, Migowski P, El Sayed S, Leitner W (2015a) Synergistic interaction within bifunctional ruthenium nanoparticle/SILP catalysts for the selective hydrodeoxygenation of phenols. Angew Chem Int Ed 54(52):15750–1575510.1002/anie.201508513 ↗
72. Luska KL, Migowski P, Leitner W (2015b) Ionic liquid-stabilized nanoparticles as catalysts for the conversion of biomass. Green Chem 17(6):3195–320610.1039/C5GC00231A ↗
73. Macanás J, Farre M, Muñoz M, Alegret S, Muraviev DN (2006) Preparation and characterization of polymer-stabilized metal nanoparticles for sensor applications. Phys status solidi (a) 203(6):1194–120010.1002/pssa.200566167 ↗
74. Mallick K, Witcomb MJ, Scurrell MS (2004) Polymer stabilized silver nanoparticles: a photochemical synthesis route. J Mater Sci 39(14):4459–446310.1023/B:JMSC.0000034138.80116.50 ↗
75. Manojkumar K, Prabhu Charan KT, Sivaramakrishna A, Jha PC, Khedkar VM, Siva R, Jayaraman G, Vijayakrishna K (2015) Biophysical characterization and molecular docking studies of imidazolium based polyelectrolytes–DNA complexes: role of hydrophobicity. Biomacromolecules 16(3):894–90310.1021/bm5018029 ↗
76. Mao H, Liang J, Zhang H, Pei Q, Liu D, Wu S, Zhang Y, Song X-M (2015) Poly(ionic liquids) functionalized polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanosheets for electrochemical sensor to detect dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid. Biosens Bioelectron 70:289–29810.1016/j.bios.2015.03.059 ↗
77. Marcilla R, Curri ML, Cozzoli PD, Martínez MT, Loinaz I, Grande H, Pomposo JA, Mecerreyes D (2006) Nano-objects on a round trip from water to organics in a polymeric ionic liquid vehicle. Small 2(4):507–51210.1002/smll.200500373 ↗
78. Mecerreyes D (2011) Polymeric ionic liquids: broadening the properties and applications of polyelectrolytes. Prog Polym Sci 36(12):1629–164810.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.05.007 ↗
79. Migowski P, Dupont J (2007) Catalytic applications of metal nanoparticles in imidazolium ionic liquids. Chem Eur J 13(1):32–3910.1002/chem.200601438 ↗
80. Migowski P, Machado G, Texeira SR, Alves MCM, Morais J, Traverse A, Dupont J (2007) Synthesis and characterization of nickel nanoparticles dispersed in imidazolium ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 9(34):4814–482110.1039/b703979d ↗
81. Mohan YM, Premkumar T, Lee K, Geckeler KE (2006) Fabrication of silver nanoparticles in hydrogel networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 27(16):1346–135410.1002/marc.200600297 ↗
82. Mohan B, Woo H, Jang S, Lee S, Park S, Park KH (2013) Synthesis of monodisperse Cu nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: a synthetic and catalytic approach of in situ nanoparticles. Solid State Sci 22:16–2010.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2013.05.004 ↗
83. Mu X-d, Meng J-q, Li Z-C, Kou Y (2005) Rhodium nanoparticles stabilized by ionic copolymers in ionic liquids: long lifetime nanocluster catalysts for benzene hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 127(27):9694–969510.1021/ja051803v ↗
84. Mulfinger L, Solomon SD, Bahadory M, Jeyarajasingam AV, Rutkowsky SA, Boritz C (2007) Synthesis and study of silver nanoparticles. J Chem Educ 84(2):32210.1021/ed084p322 ↗
85. Muraviev DN, Macanás J, Farre M, Muñoz M, Alegret S (2006) Novel routes for inter-matrix synthesis and characterization of polymer stabilized metal nanoparticles for molecular recognition devices. Sens Actuator B 118(1–2):408–41710.1016/j.snb.2006.04.047 ↗
86. Niu Z, Li Y (2013) Removal and utilization of capping agents in nanocatalysis. Chem Mater 26(1):72–8310.1021/cm4022479 ↗
87. Oberdörster G (2010) Safety assessment for nanotechnology and nanomedicine: concepts of nanotoxicology. J Intern Med 267(1):89–10510.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02187.x ↗
88. Pachón LD, Rothenberg G (2008) Transition-metal nanoparticles: synthesis, stability and the leaching issue. Appl Organomet Chem 22(6):288–29910.1002/aoc.1382 ↗
89. Pastoriza-Santos I, Liz-Marzán LM (1999) Formation and stabilization of silver nanoparticles through reduction by N,N-dimethylformamide. Langmuir 15(4):948–95110.1021/la980984u ↗
90. Pavia C, Ballerini E, Bivona LA, Giacalone F, Aprile C, Vaccaro L, Gruttadauria M (2013) Palladium supported on cross-linked imidazolium network on silica as highly sustainable catalysts for the Suzuki reaction under flow conditions. Adv Synth Catal 355(10):2007–201810.1002/adsc.201300215 ↗
91. Petrucci C, Strappaveccia G, Giacalone F, Gruttadauria M, Pizzo F, Vaccaro L (2014) An E-factor minimized protocol for a sustainable and efficient Heck reaction in flow. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2(12):2813–281910.1021/sc500584y ↗
92. Pillai ZS, Kamat PV (2004) What factors control the size and shape of silver nanoparticles in the citrate ion reduction method? J Phys Chem B 108(3):945–95110.1021/jp037018r ↗
93. Plechkova NV, Seddon KR (2008) Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry. Chem Soc Rev 37(1):123–15010.1039/B006677J ↗
94. Prabhu Charan KT, Pothanagandhi N, Vijayakrishna K, Sivaramakrishna A, Mecerreyes D, Sreedhar B (2014) Poly(ionic liquids) as “smart” stabilizers for metal nanoparticles. Eur Polym J 60:114–12210.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.09.004 ↗
95. Qin Y, Ji X, Jing J, Liu H, Wu H, Yang W (2010) Size control over spherical silver nanoparticles by ascorbic acid reduction. Colloids Surf A 372(1–3):172–17610.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.10.013 ↗
96. Qureshi Z, Deshmukh K, Bhanage B (2014) Applications of ionic liquids in organic synthesis and catalysis. Clean Technol Environ Policy 16(8):1487–151310.1007/s10098-013-0660-0 ↗
97. Ramesh GV, Porel S, Radhakrishnan TP (2009) Polymer thin films embedded with in situ grown metal nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 38(9):2646–265610.1039/b815242j ↗
98. Raveendran P, Fu J, Wallen SL (2003) Completely “green” synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 125(46):13940–1394110.1021/ja029267j ↗
99. Redel E, Krämer J, Thomann R, Janiak C (2009) Synthesis of Co, Rh and Ir nanoparticles from metal carbonyls in ionic liquids and their use as biphasic liquid–liquid hydrogenation nanocatalysts for cyclohexene. J Organomet Chem 694(7–8):1069–107510.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.09.050 ↗
100. Restrepo J, Lozano P, Burguete MI, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV (2015a) Gold nanoparticles immobilized onto supported ionic liquid-like phases for microwave phenylethanol oxidation in water. Catal Today 255:97–10110.1016/j.cattod.2014.12.023 ↗