Silver nanoparticles in soil–plant systems
Source abstract
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have broad spectrum antimicrobial/biocidal properties against all classes of microorganisms and possess numerous distinctive physico-chemical properties compared to bulk Ag. Hence, AgNPs are among the most widely used engineered NPs in a wide range of consumer products and are expected to enter natural ecosystems including soil via diverse pathways. However, despite: (i) soil has been considered as a critical pathway for NPs environmental fate, (ii) plants (essential base component of all ecosystems) have been strongly recommended to be included for the development of a comprehensive toxicity profile for rapidly mounting NPs in varied environmental compartments, and (iii) the occurrence of an intricate relationship between “soil–plant systems” where any change in soil chemical/biological properties is bound to have impact on plant system, the knowledge about AgNPs in soils and investigations on AgNPs–plants interaction is still rare and in its rudimentary stage. To this end, the current paper: (a) overviews sources, status, fate, and chemistry of AgNPs in soils, AgNPs-impact on soil biota, (b) critically discusses terrestrial plant responses to AgNPs exposure, and (c) illustrates the knowledge-gaps in the current perspective. Based on the available literature critically appraised herein, a multidisciplinary integrated approach is strongly recommended for future research in the current direction aimed at unveiling the rapidly mounting AgNPs-fate, transformation, accumulation, and toxicity potential in “soil–plant systems,” and their cumulative impact on environmental and human health.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications · Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Abraham PM, Barnikol S, Baumann T, Kuehn M, Ivleva NP, Schaumann GE (2013) Sorption of silver nanoparticles to environmental and model surfaces. Environ Sci Technol 47:5083–509110.1021/es303941e ↗
2. Ahmed F, Arshi N, Kumar S, Gill SS, Gill R, Tuteja N, Koo BH (2013) Nanobiotechnology: scope and potential for crop improvement. In: Tuteja N, Gill SS (eds) Crop improvement under adverse conditions. Springer, New York, pp 245–26910.1007/978-1-4614-4633-0_11 ↗
3. Anjum NA, Umar S, Chan MT (eds) (2010) Ascorbate-glutathione pathway and stress tolerance in plants. Springer, Dordrecht
4. Anjum NA, Ahmad I, Mohmood I, Pacheco M, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Umar S, Ahmad A, Khan NA, Iqbal M, Prasad MNV (2012a) Modulation of glutathione and its related enzymes in plants’ responses to toxic metals and metalloids—a review. Environ Exp Bot 75:307–324
5. Anjum NA, Umar S, Ahmad A (2012b) Oxidative stress in plants: causes, consequences and tolerance. IK International Publishing House, New Delhi
6. Anjum NA, Singh N, Singh MK, Shah ZA, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Ahmad I (2013) Single-bilayer graphene oxide sheet tolerance and glutathione redox system significance assessment in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). J Nanopart Res 15:177010.1007/s11051-013-1770-7 ↗
7. Arnaout CL, Gunsch CK (2012) Impacts of silver nanoparticle coating on the nitrification potential of Nitrosomonas europaea. Environ Sci Technol 46:5387–539510.1021/es204540z ↗
8. Babu K, Deepa M, Shankar S, Rai S (2008) Effect of nano-silver on cell division and mitotic chromosomes: a prefatory siren. Internet J Nanotechnol 2:2
9. Bae S, Hwang YS, Lee Y-J, Lee S-K (2013) Effects of water chemistry on aggregation and soil adsorption of silver nanoparticles. Environ Health Toxicol 28:1–7
10. Barrena R, Casals E, Colón J, Font X, Sánchez A, Puntes V (2009) Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of model nanoparticles. Chemosphere 75:850–85710.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.078 ↗
11. Bell RA, Kramer JR (1999) Structural chemistry and geochemistry of silver–sulfur compounds: critical review. Environ Toxicol Chem 18:9–22
12. Benn TM, Westerhoff P (2008) Nanoparticle silver released into water from commercially available sock fabrics. Environ Sci Technol 42:4133–413910.1021/es7032718 ↗
13. Benn T, Cavanagh B, Hristovski K, Posner JD, Westerhoff P (2010) The release of nanosilver from consumer products used in the home. J Environ Qual 39:1875–188210.2134/jeq2009.0363 ↗
14. Benoit R, Wilkinson KJ, Sauvé S (2013) Partitioning of silver and chemical speciation of free Ag in soils amended with nanoparticles. Chem Cent J 7:7510.1186/1752-153X-7-75 ↗
15. Bernhardt ES, Colman BP, Hochella MF, Cardinale BJ, Nisbet RM, Richardson CJ, Yin LY (2010) An ecological perspective on nanomaterial impacts in the environment. J Environ Qual 39:1954–196510.2134/jeq2009.0479 ↗
16. Bhaduri GA, Little R, Khomane RB, Lokhande SU, Kulkarni BD, Mendis BG, Šiller L (2013) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using sunlight. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 258:1–910.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.02.015 ↗
17. Blaser SA, Scheringer M, MacLeod M, Hungerbuhler K (2008) Estimation of cumulative aquatic exposure and risk due to silver: contribution of nanofunctionalized plastics and textiles. Sci Total Environ 390:396–40910.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.010 ↗
18. Boxall AB, Tiede K, Chaudhry Q (2007) Engineered nanomaterials in soils and water: how do they behave and could they pose a risk to human health? Nanomedicine 2:919–92710.2217/17435889.2.6.919 ↗
19. Boxall ABA, Chaudhry Q, Jones A, Jefferson B, Watts CD (2008) Current and future predicted environmental exposure to engineered nanoparticles. Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton
20. Bradford A, Handy RD, Readman JW, Atfield A, Muhling M (2009) Impact of silver nanoparticle contamination on the genetic diversity of natural bacterial assemblages in estuarine sediments. Environ Sci Technol 43:4530–453610.1021/es9001949 ↗
21. Bystrzejewska-Piotrowska G, Golimowski J, Urban PL (2009) Nanoparticles: their potential toxicity, waste and environmental management. Waste Manag 29:2587–259510.1016/j.wasman.2009.04.001 ↗
22. Calder AJ, Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Britt DW, Johnson W, Anderson AJ (2012) Soil components mitigate the antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles towards a beneficial soil bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6. Sci Total Environ 429:215–22210.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.049 ↗
23. Chen X, Schluesener HJ (2008) Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical applications. Toxicol Lett 176:1–1210.1016/j.toxlet.2007.10.004 ↗
24. Chew BP, Park JS (2004) Carotenoid action on the immune response. J Nutr 134:257S–261S10.1093/jn/134.1.257S ↗
25. Cho SM, Kang BR, Han SH, Anderson AJ, Park J-Y, Lee Y-H, Cho BH, Yang K-Y, Ryu C-M, Kim YC (2008) 2R, 3R-butanediol, a bacterial volatile produced by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6, is involved in induction of systemic tolerance to drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 21:1067–107510.1094/MPMI-21-8-1067 ↗
26. Choi O, Hu Z (2008) Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria. Environ Sci Technol 42:4583–458810.1021/es703238h ↗
27. Choi OK, Hu ZQ (2009) Nitrification inhibition by silver nanoparticles. Water Sci Technol 59:1699–170210.2166/wst.2009.205 ↗
28. Christian P, Von der Kammer F, Baalousha M, Hofmann T (2008) Nanoparticles: structure, properties, preparation and behaviour in environmental media. Ecotoxicology 17:326–34310.1007/s10646-008-0213-1 ↗
29. Colman BP, Wang SY, Auffan M, Wiesner MR, Bernhardt ES (2012) Antimicrobial effects of commercial silver nanoparticles are attenuated in natural stream water and sediment. Ecotoxicology 21:1867–187710.1007/s10646-012-0920-5 ↗
30. Cornelis G, Kirby JK, Beak D, Chittleborough D, McLaughlin MJ (2010) A method for determination of retention of silver and cerium oxide manufactured nanoparticles in soils. Environ Chem 7:298–30810.1071/EN10013 ↗
31. Cornelis G, Doolette C, Thomas M, McLaughlin MJ, Kirby JK, Beak DG, Chittleborough D (2012) Retention and dissolution of engineered silver nanoparticles in natural soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 76:891–90210.2136/sssaj2011.0360 ↗
32. Coutris C, Hertel-Aas T, Lapied E, Joner EJ, Oughton DH (2012a) Bioavailability of cobalt and silver nanoparticles to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Nanotoxicology 6:186–19510.3109/17435390.2011.569094 ↗
33. Coutris C, Joner EJ, Oughton DH (2012b) Aging and soil organic matter content affect the fate of silver nanoparticles in soil. Sci Total Environ 420:327–33310.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.027 ↗
34. Davidson EA, Janssens IA (2006) Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440:165–17310.1038/nature04514 ↗
35. De La Torre-Roche R, Hawthorne J, Musante C, Xing B, Newman LA, Ma X, White JC (2013) Impact of Ag nanoparticle exposure on p,p′-DDE bioaccumulation by Cucurbita pepo (Zucchini) and Glycine max (Soybean). Environ Sci Technol 47:718–72510.1021/es3041829 ↗
36. Dietz JK, Herth S (2011) Plant nanotoxicology. Trends Plant Sci 16:582–58910.1016/j.tplants.2011.08.003 ↗
37. Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Martineau N, Britt DW, Haverkamp R, Anderson AJ (2013) Silver nanoparticles disrupt wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth in a sand matrix. Environ Sci Technol 47:1082–109010.1021/es302973y ↗
38. El-Badawy AME, Luxton TP, Silva RG, Scheckel KG, Suidan MT, Tolaymat TM (2010) Impact of environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength, and electrolyte type) on the surface charge and aggregation of silver nanoparticles suspensions. Environ Sci Technol 44:1260–126610.1021/es902240k ↗
39. El-Temsah YS, Joner EJ (2012) Impact of Fe and Ag nanoparticles on seed germination and differences in bioavailability during exposure in aqueous suspension and soil. Environ Toxicol 27:42–4910.1002/tox.20610 ↗
40. Elzey S, Grassian VH (2010) Agglomeration, isolation and dissolution of commercially manufactured silver nanoparticles in aqueous environments. J Nanopart Res 12:1945–195810.1007/s11051-009-9783-y ↗
41. Fabrega J, Fawcett SR, Renshaw JC, Lead JR (2009a) Silver nanoparticle impact on bacterial growth: effect of pH, concentration, and organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 43:7285–729010.1021/es803259g ↗
42. Fabrega J, Renshaw JC, Lead JR (2009b) Interactions of silver nanoparticles with Pseudomonas putida biofilms. Environ Sci Technol 43:9004–900910.1021/es901706j ↗
43. Fabrega J, Luoma SN, Tyler CR, Galloway TS, Lead JR (2011) Silver nanoparticles: behaviour and effects in the aquatic environment. Environ Int 37:517–53110.1016/j.envint.2010.10.012 ↗
44. Fortin C, Campbell PGC (2001) Thiosulfate enhances silver uptake by a green alga: role of anion transporters in metal uptake. Environ Sci Technol 35:2214–221810.1021/es0017965 ↗
45. Frattini A, Pellegri N, Nicastro D, Sanctis OD (2005) Effect of amine groups in the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles using aminosilanes. Mater Chem Phys 94:148–15210.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.04.023 ↗
46. Geisler-Lee J, Wang Q, Yao Y, Zhang W, Geisler M, Li K, Huang Y, Chen Y, Kolmakov A, Ma X (2013) Phytotoxicity, accumulation and transport of silver nanoparticles by Arabidopsis thaliana. Nanotoxicology 3:323–33710.3109/17435390.2012.658094 ↗
47. Geranio L, Heuberger M, Nowack B (2009) The behavior of silver nanotextiles during washing. Environ Sci Technol 43:8113–811810.1021/es9018332 ↗
48. Gerloff K, Fenoglio I, Carella E, Kolling J, Albrecht C, Boots AW, Förster I, Schins RP (2012) Distinctive toxicity of TiO2 rutile/anatase mixed phase nanoparticles on Caco-2 cells. Chem Res Toxicol 25:646–65510.1021/tx200334k ↗
49. Ghosh JM, Sinha S, Chakraborty A, Mallick SK, Bandyopadhyay M, Mukherjee A (2012) In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles. Mutation Res 749:60–6910.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.08.007 ↗
50. Gill SS, Tuteja N (2010) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:909–93010.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.016 ↗
51. Gill SS, Anjum NA, Hasanuzzaman M, Gill R, Trivedi DK, Ahmad I, Pereira E, Tuteja N (2013) Glutathione and glutathione reductase: a boon in disguise for plant abiotic stress defense operations. Plant Physiol Biochem 70:204–21210.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.032 ↗
52. Glover RD, Miller JM, Hutchison JE (2011) Generation of metal nanoparticles from silver and copper objects: nanoparticle dynamics on surfaces and potential sources of nanoparticles in the environment. ACS Nano 5:8950–895710.1021/nn2031319 ↗
53. Golovina NB, Kustov LM (2013) Toxicity of metal nanoparticles with a focus on silver. Mendeleev Commun 23:59–6510.1016/j.mencom.2013.03.001 ↗
54. Golubeva O, Shamova O, Orlov D, Pazina T, Boldina A, Kokryakov V (2010) Study of antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of silver nanoparticles prepared by chemical reduction. Glass Phys Chem 36:628–63410.1134/S1087659610050135 ↗
55. Gondikas AP, Morris A, Reinsch BC, Marinakos SM, Lowry GV, Hsu-Kim H (2012) Cysteine-induced modifications of zero-valent silver nanomaterials: implications for particle surface chemistry, aggregation, dissolution, and silver speciation. Environ Sci Technol 46:7037–704510.1021/es3001757 ↗
56. Gottschalk F, Sonderer T, Scholz RW, Nowack B (2009) Modeled environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, fullerenes) for different regions. Environ Sci Technol 43:9216–922210.1021/es9015553 ↗
57. Hadioui M, Leclerc S, Wilkinson K (2013) Multimethod quantification of Ag+ release from nanosilver. Talanta 105:15–1910.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.048 ↗
58. Handy RD, Owen R, Valsami-Jones E (2008) The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs. Ecotoxicology 17:315–32510.1007/s10646-008-0206-0 ↗
59. Harris A, Bali R (2008) On the formation and extent of uptake of silver nanoparticles by live plants. J Nanopart Res 10:691–69510.1007/s11051-007-9288-5 ↗
60. Haverkamp RG, Marshall AT (2009) The mechanism of metal nanoparticle formation in plants: limits on accumulation. J Nanopart Res 11:1453–146310.1007/s11051-008-9533-6 ↗
61. Hawthorne J, Musante C, Sinha SK, White JC (2012) Accumulation and phytotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to Cucurbita pepo. Int J Phytoremediation 14:429–44210.1080/15226514.2011.620903 ↗
62. He D, Jones AM, Garg S, Pham AN, Waite TD (2011) Silver nanoparticle–reactive oxygen species interactions: application of a charging–discharging model. J Phys Chem C 115:5461–546810.1021/jp111275a ↗
63. Hendren CO, Mesnard X, Dröge J, Wiesner MR (2011) Estimating production data for five engineered nanomaterials as a basis for exposure assessment. Environ Sci Technol 45:2562–256910.1021/es103300g ↗
64. http://nano.foe.org.au/node/190 . Accessed 02 July 2013
65. http://water.usgs.gov/wrri/08grants/2008IN251B.html . Accessed 02 July 2013
66. http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft . Accessed 02 July 2013
67. Hu C, Li M, Wang W, Cui Y, Chen J, Yang L (2012) Ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on earthworm Eisenia fetida: responses of the antioxidant system, acid phosphatase and ATPase. Toxicol Environ Chem 94:732–74110.1080/02772248.2012.668020 ↗
68. Jacobson AR, McBride MB, Baveye P, Steenhuis TS (2005) Environmental factors determining the trace-level sorption of silver and thallium to soils. Sci Total Environ 345:191–20510.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.027 ↗
69. Jana D, Mandal A, De G (2012) High Raman enhancing shapetunable Ag nanoplates in alumina: a reliable and efficient SERS technique. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:3330–333410.1021/am300781h ↗
70. Jin X, Li M, Wang J, Marambio-Jones C, Peng F, Huang X, Damoiseaux R, Hoek EMV (2010) High-throughput screening of silver nanoparticle stability and bacterial inactivation in aquatic media: influence of specific ions. Environ Sci Technol 44:7321–732810.1021/es100854g ↗
71. Jo YK, Kim BH, Jung G (2009) Antifungal activity of silver ions and nanoparticles on phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Dis 93:1037–104310.1094/PDIS-93-10-1037 ↗
72. Johnson AC, Bowes MJ, Crossley A, Jarvie HP, Jurkschat K, Jürgens MD, Lawlor AJ, Park B, Rowland P, Spurgeon D, Svendsen C, Thompson IP, Barnes RJ, Williams RJ, Xu N (2011) An assessment of the fate, behaviour and environmental risk associated with sunscreen TiO2 nanoparticles in UK field scenarios. Sci Total Environ 409:2503–251010.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.040 ↗
73. Jones KC, Peterson PJ (1986) The influence of humic and fulvic-acids on silver uptake by perennial ryegrass, and its relevance to the cycling of silver in soils. Plant Soil 95:3–810.1007/BF02378846 ↗
74. Keller A, McFerran S, Lazareva A, Suh S (2013) Global life cycle releases of engineered nanomaterials. J Nanopart Res 15:1–1710.1007/s11051-013-1692-4 ↗
75. Khan M, Khan M, Adil SF, Tahir MN, Tremel W, Alkhathlan HZ, Al-Warthan A, Siddiqui MRH (2013) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by Pulicaria glutinosa extract. Int J Nanomed 8:1507–1516
76. Khaydarov RA, Estrin Y, Evgrafova S, Scheper T, Endres C, Cho SY (2009) Silver nanoparticles: environmental and human health impacts. In: Linkov I, Steevens J (eds) Nanomaterials: risks and benefits. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 287–29710.1007/978-1-4020-9491-0_22 ↗
77. Kim JS, Kuk E, Yu KN, Kim J-H, Park SJ, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Park YK, Park YH, Hwang C-Y (2007) Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 3:95–10110.1016/j.nano.2006.12.001 ↗
78. Kim YS, Kim JS, Cho HS, Rha DS, Kim JM, Park JD, Choi BS, Lim R, Chang HK, Chung YH, Kwon IH, Jeong J, Han HS, Yu IJ (2008) Twenty-eight day oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and gender-related tissue distribution of silver nanoparticles in Spraque–Dawley rats. Inhal Toxicol 20:575–58310.1080/08958370701874663 ↗
79. Kim B, Park C-S, Murayama M, Hochella MF (2010) Discovery and characterization of silver sulfide nanoparticles in final sewage sludge products. Environ Sci Technol 44:7509–751410.1021/es101565j ↗
80. Kim RS, Zhu J, Park JH, Li L, Yu Z, Shen H, Xue M, Wang KL, Park G, Anderson TJ (2012) E-beam deposited Ag-nanoparticles plasmonic organic solar cell and its absorption enhancement analysis using FDTD-based cylindrical nano-particle optical model. Opt Express 20:12649–1265710.1364/OE.20.012649 ↗
81. Klaine SJ, Alvarez PJJ, Batley GE, Fernandes TF, Handy RD, Lyon DY, Mahendra S, McLaughlin MJ, Lead JR (2008) Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability and effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:1825–185110.1897/08-090.1 ↗
82. Kokina I, Gerbreders V, Sledevskis E, Bulanovs A (2013) Penetration of nanoparticles in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) calli and regenerants. J Biotechnol 165:127–13210.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.03.011 ↗
83. Krishnaraj C, Jagan G, Ramachandran R, Abirami SM, Mohan N, Kalaichelvan PT (2012) Effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on Bacopa monnieri L. Wettst. plant growth metabolism. Process Biochem 47:651–65810.1016/j.procbio.2012.01.006 ↗
84. Kulthong K, Srisung S, Boonpavanitchakul K, Kangwansupamonkon W, Maniratanachote R (2010) Determination of silver nanoparticle release from antibacterial fabrics into artificial sweat. Part Fibre Toxicol 7:810.1186/1743-8977-7-8 ↗
85. Kumar N, Shah V, Walker VK (2011) Perturbation of an arctic soil microbial community by metal nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 190:816–82210.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.005 ↗
86. Kumari M, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N (2009) Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in Allium cepa. Sci Total Environ 407:5243–524610.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.024 ↗
87. Kuriyama R, Sakai H (1974) Role of tubulin-SH group in polymerization to microtubules. J Biochem 76:651–65410.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a130609 ↗
88. Lanje AS, Sharma SJ, Pode RB (2010) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a safer alternative to conventional antimicrobial and antibacterial agents. J Chem Pharm Res 2:478–483
89. Lee HY, Park HK, Lee YM, Kim K, Park SB (2007) A practical procedure for producing silver nanocoated fabric and its antibacterial evaluation for biomedical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 28:2959–296110.1039/b703034g ↗
90. Lee W-M, Kwak JI, An Y-J (2012) Effect of silver nanoparticles in crop plants Phaseolus radiatus and Sorghum bicolor: media effect on phytotoxicity. Chemosphere 86:491–49910.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.013 ↗
91. Levard C, Reinsch BC, Michel FM, Oumahi C, Lowry GV, Brown GEJ (2011) Sulfidation processes of PVP-coated silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution: impact on dissolution rate. Environ Sci Technol 45:5260–526610.1021/es2007758 ↗
92. Levard C, Hotze EM, Lowry GV, Brown GE (2012) Environmental transformations of silver nanoparticles: impact on stability and toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 46:6900–691410.1021/es2037405 ↗
93. Liang Y, Bradford SA, Simunek J, Vereecken H, Klumpp E (2013) Sensitivity of the transport and retention of stabilized silver nanoparticles to physicochemical factors. Water Res 47:2572–258210.1016/j.watres.2013.02.025 ↗
94. Lin S, Cheng Y, Bobcombe Y, Jones KL, Liu J, Wiesner MR (2011) Deposition of silver nanoparticles in geochemically heterogeneous porous media: predicting affinity from surface composition analysis. Environ Sci Technol 45:5209–521510.1021/es2002327 ↗
95. Lin S, Cheng Y, Liu J, Wiesner MR (2012) Polymeric coatings on silver nanoparticles hinder autoaggregation but enhance attachment to uncoated surfaces. Langmuir 28:4178–418610.1021/la202884f ↗
96. Liu JY, Hurt RH (2010) Ion release kinetics and particle persistence in aqueous nano-silver colloids. Environ Sci Technol 44:2169–217510.1021/es9035557 ↗
97. Liu Y, Laks P, Heiden P (2002) Controlled release of biocides in solid wood. III. Preparation and characterization of surfactant-free nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 86:615–62110.1002/app.10898 ↗
98. Liu JY, Sonshine DA, Shervani S, Hurt RH (2010) Controlled release of biologically active silver from nanosilver surfaces. ACS Nano 4:6903–691310.1021/nn102272n ↗
99. Lowry GV, Espinasse BP, Badireddy AR, Richardson CJ, Reinsch BC, Bryant LD, Bone AJ, Deonarine A, Chae S, Therezien M (2012) Long-term transformation and fate of manufactured Ag nanoparticles in a simulated large scale freshwater emergent wetland. Environ Sci Technol 46:7027–703610.1021/es204608d ↗
100. Luque-Garcia JL, Sanchez-Díaz R, Lopez-Heras I, Camara C, Martin P (2013) Bioanalytical strategies for in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the toxicity induced by metallic nanoparticles. Trends Anal Chem 43:254–26810.1016/j.trac.2012.11.004 ↗