Protective layer for stable lithium-metal anodes at 60 mA·h/cm2 and 60 mA/cm2 with ion channel and inductive effect

Contradiction between ultrafast nucleation and deposition rates of lithium (Li) crystals at high rate and heterogeneity of Li+ flux resulting from concentration polarization has compromised the performance of Li metal anodes especially at high areal capacity and current density. Here, multifunctional protective layer consisting of MoO3 nanobelt films (MoO3eNF) is introduced on the surface of Li by a simple rolling method. The strong binding energy between Li and MoO3 guides the homogeneous nucleation and deposition of Li, while the nanobelt networks provide effective ion channels for uniform distribution of the Li+ flux. Because of the novel multifunctional protective layer, the MoO3eNF@Li anodes demonstrate a remarkable stability for 800 h with ultralow overpotential of 159 mV at extreme harsh conditions of 60 mA h/cm2 and 60 mA/cm2. MoO3eNF@Li||LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 full-cells can run 100 cycles with a superior capacity retention of 84.2 % under practical test conditions, demonstrating great potential for high output and energy-density metal batteries.