Dental Ceramics: Fabrication Methods and Aesthetic Characterization
Source abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to describe different staining protocols for the main dental ceramics. A bibliographic search was conducted in the main health databases PubMed and Scholar Google, in which 100 studies published were collected. In vitro and in silico studies, case reports, and systematic and literature reviews, on ceramic materials, were included. Therefore, articles that did not deal with the topic addressed were excluded. Ceramics can be classified into glass-matrix ceramics (etchable), polycrystalline (non-etchable), and hybrid ceramics. In this context, different fabrication methods, method indications, and characterization layers can be used for each ceramic group and numerous protocols differ according to the choice of material. Several ceramic systems are available, thus professionals in the prosthetic area need constant updates on dental ceramic restorations and their proper characterizations.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Dental materials and restorations · Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes · Dental Research and COVID-19
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Center for Dental Biomaterials, University of Florida (UF Health), Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
Department of Biomaterials, Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos 05508-070, SP, Brazil
Department of Restorative Dentistry & Prosthodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
Department of Dentistry, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Department Dentistry, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté 12080-000, SP, Brazil
Midwest Dental Arts Inc., Palm Bay, FL 32909, USA
Funding
São Paulo Research Foundation
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Wear performance of bovine tooth enamel against translucent tetragonal zirconia polycrystals after different surface treatments10.4012/dmj.2014-097 ↗
2. In vitro fracture strength of teeth was restored with different all-ceramic crown systems10.1016/j.prosdent.2004.09.001 ↗
3. A new silica-infiltrated Y-TZP was obtained by the sol-gel method10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.004 ↗
4. Current considerations for dental ceramics and their respective union systems10.18363/rbo.v77.2020.e1768 ↗
5. A new classification system for all-ceramic and ceramic-like restorative materials10.11607/ijp.4244 ↗
6. Fatigue limit of monolithic Y-TZP three-unit-fixed dental prostheses: Effect of grinding at the gingival zone of the connector10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.002 ↗
7. Ultrathin Monolithic Zirconia Veneers: Reality or Future? Report of a Clinical Case and One-year Follow-up10.2341/16-350-T ↗
8. Dental Ceramics for Restoration and Metal Veneering10.1016/j.cden.2017.06.005 ↗
9. Two-body wear performance of dental colored zirconia after different surface treatments10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.02.006 ↗
10. Ceramic materials for porcelain veneers: Part II. Effect of material, shade, and thickness on translucency10.1016/j.prosdent.2014.05.016 ↗
11. Influence of framework color and layering technique on the final color of zirconia veneered restorations
12. Fluorescence intensity of composite layering combined with surface sealant submitted to staining solutions10.1111/jerd.12139 ↗
13. Effect of toothbrushing on the material loss, roughness, and color of intrinsically and extrinsically stained porcelain used in metal-ceramic restorations: An in vitro study
14. Colorimetric evaluation of the influence of five different restorative materials on the color of veneered densely sintered alumina10.1111/j.1708-8240.2003.tb00308.x ↗
15. Effect of dissolution on color of extrinsic porcelain colorants
16. Toothbrush abrasion of color-corrective porcelain stains applied to porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations10.1016/0022-3913(80)90130-4 ↗
17. The microscopic appearance and effect of toothbrushing on extrinsically stained metal-ceramic restorations10.1016/0022-3913(87)90115-6 ↗
18. Effect of toothbrushing on shade and surface roughness of extrinsically stained pressable ceramics10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.09.013 ↗
19. Effect of brushing and thermocycling on the shade and surface roughness of CAD-CAM ceramic restorations10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.06.001 ↗
20. Ceramic materials in dentistry: Historical evolution and current practice10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01299.x ↗
21. Extended glaze firing on ceramics for hard machining: Crack healing, residual stresses, optical and microstructural aspects10.1016/j.dental.2016.12.002 ↗
22. Extended glaze firing improves flexural strength of a glass ceramic10.1016/j.dental.2015.10.012 ↗
23. Durability of staining and glazing on a hybrid ceramics after the three-body wear10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103856 ↗
24. Three-body wear effect on different CAD/CAM ceramics staining durability
25. Anusavice, K.J., Shen, C., and Rawls, H.R. (2013). Phillips Materiais Dentários, Elsevier.
26. Cerâmicas odontológicas: O estado atual10.1590/S0366-69132008000300008 ↗
27. Bottino, M.A., Faria, R., and Valandro, L.F. (2009). Percepção: Estética em Próteses Livres de Metal em Dentes Naturais e Implantes, Artes Médicas.
28. Cerâmicas odontológicas: Propriedades, indicações e considerações clínicas
29. Microstructure, composition, and etching topography of dental ceramics
30. Characterization of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network material10.1016/j.dental.2014.02.019 ↗
31. (2017). Vita Akzent® Plus. Working Instructions for External Characterization Independent Stains for Finishing, Coloring and Glazing, Vita Zahnfabrik. Available as a Powder, Paste and Spray.
32. Tribological behaviour of unveneered and veneered lithium disilicate dental material10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.08.007 ↗
33. Silica infiltration in partially stabilized zirconia: Effect of hydrothermal aging on mechanical properties10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103774 ↗
34. Analysis of edge morphology of partial veneers made by different processing techniques and materials
35. The effect of core material, veneering porcelain, and fabrication technique on the biaxial flexural strength and weibull analysis of selected dental ceramics10.1111/j.1532-849X.2012.00845.x ↗
36. The effect of multiple firings on the marginal integrity of pressable ceramic single crowns10.1016/S0022-3913(12)60011-0 ↗
37. Mechanical properties of zirconia after different surface treatments and repeated firings10.4047/jap.2014.6.6.462 ↗
38. (2018). Vita Enamic® Stains Kit Vita. Working Instructions for External Characterization Independent Stains for Finishing, Coloring and Glazing, Vita Zahnfabrik. Available as a powder, liquid, paste and glaze.
39. An in vivo evaluation of fit of zirconium-oxide based ceramic single crowns, generated with two CAD/CAM systems, in comparison to metal ceramic single crowns10.1111/j.1532-849X.2012.00907.x ↗
40. Flexural strength of veneering ceramics for zirconia10.1016/j.jdent.2008.01.017 ↗
41. Effect of post-silanization heat treatments of silanized feldspathic ceramic on adhesion to resin cement
42. Mechanical reliability, fatigue strength and survival analysis of new polycrystalline translucent zirconia ceramics for monolithic restorations10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.029 ↗
43. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00010-6 ↗
44. The tetragonal-monoclinic transformation in zirconia: Lessons learned and future trends10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03278.x ↗
45. Ceramic vs composite veneering of full arch implant-supported zirconium frameworks: Assessing patient preference and satisfaction. A crossover double-blind randomised controlled trial
46. In vitro wear of composite with varied cure, filler level, and filler treatment10.1177/00220345970760071101 ↗
47. Zirconia-based versus metal-based single crowns veneered with overpressing ceramic for restoration of posterior endodontically treated teeth: 5-year results of a randomized controlled clinical study10.1016/j.jdent.2017.07.004 ↗
48. In vivo and in vitro study of the marginal sealing in ceramic-covered gold inlays
49. Microstructural analysis and reliability of monolithic zirconia after simulated adjustment protocols10.1016/j.dental.2017.04.024 ↗
50. Influence of veneer and cyclic loading on failure behavior of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic molar crowns10.1016/j.dental.2013.11.001 ↗
51. Intraoral treatment of veneering porcelain chipping of fixed dental restorations: A review and clinical application10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0011 ↗
52. Chair-side generated posterior monolithic lithium disilicate crowns: Clinical survival after 6 years10.1007/s00784-016-1998-6 ↗
53. Monolithic implant-supported lithium disilicate (LS2) crowns in a complete digital workflow: A prospective clinical trial with a 2-year follow-up10.1111/cid.12472 ↗
54. Influence of monolithic lithium disilicate and zirconia thickness on polymerization efficiency of dual-cure resin cements10.1111/jerd.12390 ↗
55. How the Variations of the Thickness in Ceramic Restorations of Lithium Disilicate and the Use of Different Photopolymerizers Influence the Degree of Conversion of the Resin Cements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis10.1111/jopr.12920 ↗
56. Fatigue failure load of two resin-bonded zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramics: Effect of ceramic thickness10.1016/j.dental.2018.03.004 ↗
57. Factors influencing development of residual stresses during crystallization firing in a novel lithium silicate glass-ceramic10.1016/j.dental.2019.03.002 ↗
58. In vitro color stainability and relative translucency of CAD-CAM restorative materials used for laminate veneers and complete crowns10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.09.011 ↗
59. Fracture analysis of monolithic CAD-CAM crowns10.1111/jerd.12462 ↗
60. Color Aspect of Monolithic Zirconia Restorations: A Review of the Literature10.1111/jopr.12906 ↗
61. Effect of UV aging on translucency of currently used esthetic CAD-CAM materials10.1111/jerd.12460 ↗
62. Fatigue failure load of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic cemented to a dentin analogue: Effect of etching time and hydrofluoric acid concentration10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.028 ↗
63. In vitro Evaluation of the Marginal Fit and Internal Adaptation of Zirconia and Lithium Disilicate Single Crowns: Micro-CT Comparison between Different Manufacturing Procedures10.2174/1874210601812010160 ↗
64. Fatigue strength of several dental ceramics indicated for CAD-CAM monolithic restorations
65. ADM guidance-Ceramics: All-ceramic multilayer interfaces in dentistry10.1016/j.dental.2017.03.005 ↗
66. Fabrication of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramic Restorations Using a Complete Digital Workflow
67. Indirect zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic CAD/CAM restorations: Preliminary clinical results after 12 months
68. Fatigue and fracture resistance of zirconia crowns prepared with different finish line designs10.1111/j.1532-849X.2011.00787.x ↗
69. Clinical evaluation comparing the fit of all-ceramic crowns obtained from silicone and digital intraoral impressions based on wavefront sampling technology10.1016/j.jdent.2014.12.007 ↗
70. Assessment of chair-side computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing restorations: A review of the literature
71. Internal adaptation, marginal accuracy, and microleakage of pressable versus machinable ceramic laminate veneers10.1016/j.jdent.2012.04.019 ↗
72. Influence of conventional and digital intraoral impressions on the fit of CAD/CAM-fabricated all-ceramic crowns10.1007/s00784-016-1714-6 ↗
73. Digital workflow for virtually designing and milling ceramic lithium disilicate veneers: A clinical report10.2341/13-291-S ↗
74. Clinical evaluation comparing the fit of all-ceramic crowns obtained from silicone and digital intraoral impressions10.1007/s00784-015-1590-5 ↗
75. Effect of chemical aging on color stability and surface properties of stained all-ceramic restorations10.1111/jerd.12719 ↗
76. Effect of toothbrushing on the optical properties and surface roughness of extrinsically stained high-translucency zirconia10.1007/s00784-021-04287-8 ↗
77. Time-lasting ceramic stains and glaze: A toothbrush simulation study10.1111/jerd.12590 ↗
78. Effect of staining on the mechanical, surface and biological properties of lithium disilicate10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.12.007 ↗
79. Lin, S.C., Lin, W.C., Lin, Y.L., Yan, M., and Tang, C.M. (2022). In Vitro Evaluation of the Shading Effect of Various Zirconia Surface Stains on Porcelain Crowns. Coatings, 12.10.3390/coatings12060734 ↗
80. Resistance to abrasion of extrinsic porcelain esthetic characterization techniques
81. Mechanical properties of zirconia reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic10.1016/j.dental.2016.03.013 ↗
82. The progressive wear and abrasiveness of novel graded glass/zirconia materials relative to their dental ceramic counterparts10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.022 ↗
83. The wear of a posterior composite in an artificial mouth: A clinical correlation10.1016/S0109-5641(86)80034-3 ↗
84. Effects of manufacturing and finishing techniques of feldspathic ceramics on surface topography, biofilm formation, and cell viability for human gingival fibroblasts10.2341/17-126-L ↗
85. Simplified ceramic restorations using CAD/CAM technologies
86. Suggested guidelines for the topographic evaluation of implant surfaces
87. Roughness parameters10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00060-2 ↗
88. Effect of Finishing and Polishing on Roughness and Gloss of Lithium Disilicate and Lithium Silicate Zirconia Reinforced Glass-Ceramic for CAD/CAM Systems10.2341/16-381-L ↗
89. Factors affecting enamel and ceramic wear: A literature review10.1067/mpr.2002.123851 ↗
90. Clinical Performance of CAD/CAM Tooth-Supported Ceramic Restorations: A Systematic Review10.11607/prd.3519 ↗
91. Saravi, B., Vollmer, A., Hartmann, M., Lang, G., Kohal, R.J., Boeker, M., and Patzelt, S.B.M. (2021). Clinical Performance of CAD/CAM All-Ceramic Tooth-Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Materials, 14.10.20944/preprints202105.0296.v1 ↗
92. Impact of crystallization firing process on the microstructure and flexural strength of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramics10.1016/j.dental.2018.06.010 ↗
93. Causes of failures in ceramic veneers restorations: A literature review10.21474/IJAR01/6926 ↗
94. Evaluación de la resistenciade unión de brackets ortodónticos fijados a cerámica de disilicato de litio10.4067/S0718-381X2019000200207 ↗
95. SEM analysis of the in situ early bacterial colonization on two novel feldspathic ceramics submitted to different types of glazing10.5005/jcdp-9-2-49 ↗
96. Measurement of J-integral in CAD/CAM dental ceramics and composite resin by digital image correlation10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.05.012 ↗
97. Indentation fracture toughness and dynamic elastic moduli for commercial feldspathic dental porcelain materials10.1016/S0109-5641(03)00092-7 ↗
98. Effect of external staining on the optical properties and surface roughness of monolithic zirconia of different thicknesses10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.08.014 ↗
99. In vitro evaluation of marginal adaptation in five ceramic restoration fabricating techniques
100. Newer vs. older CAD/CAM burs: Influence of bur experience on the fatigue behavior of adhesively cemented simplified lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic restorations10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.002 ↗