Next-Generation Nanomotors: a Biomedical Platform for Precision Tumor Targeting and Treatment

Nanomotors, also known as nanorobots or nanomachines, have garnered widespread attention due to their capability to move in response to various forms of energy sources to perform specific tasks at the molecular or cellular level. Nanomotors can convert various forms of energy such as external fields and internal biochemical environments or substances into mechanical motion and hold significant potential for revolutionizing fields such as energy storage, environmental remediation, and industrial manufacturing, especially in biomedical applications. This review highlights the recent advancements in the propulsion mechanism, working principle, and tumor diagnosis and therapy application of nanomotors. We provide an in-depth discussion of various types of energy conversion and mechanisms for propulsion, including physical field, chemical responsivity, and biohybrid propulsion. This review further summarizes the potential biomedical applications, particularly in diagnostics, to accurately detect tumor locations and enhance imaging signals for improved disease management. Additionally, they are utilized in targeted drug delivery, where they can transport therapeutic agents directly to tumor tissues, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. Finally, the current challenges and prospects for improved controllability, biocompatibility, and the long-term impact of nanomotors on biological systems are also discussed.