Three-dimensional braiding for composites: A review
Source abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study is to review three-dimensional (3D) braided fabrics and, in particular, to provide a critical review of the development of 3D braided preform structures and techniques. 3D braided preforms are classified based on various parameters depending on the yarn sets, yarn orientation and intertwining, micro-meso unit cells and macro geometry. Biaxial and triaxial two-dimensional (2D) braided fabrics have been widely used as simple- and complex-shaped structural composite parts in various technical areas. However, 2D braided fabric has size and thickness limitations. 3D braided fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination due to intertwine-type out-of-plane interlacement. However, the 3D braided fabrics have low transverse properties and they also have size and thickness limitations. On the other hand, various unit cell base models on 3D braiding were developed to analyze the properties of 3D braided structures. Most of the unit cell base models include micromechanics and numerical techniques. Multiaxis 3D braided fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination. The in-plane properties of multiaxis 3D braided fabrics may be enhanced due to the ±bias yarn layers. However, the multiaxis 3D braiding technique is at an early stage of development and needs to be fully automated.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Mechanical Behavior of Composites · Structural Analysis and Optimization · Textile materials and evaluations
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Turkey
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Dow MB and Dexter HB. Development of stitched braided and woven composite structures. In: the ACT Program and at Langley Research Center (1985 to 1997). NASA/TP-97-206234 1997.
2. 10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00093-710.1016/S0266-3538(99)00093-7 ↗
3. Ko FK, Chou TW. Textile structural composites, New York: Elsevier, 1989.
4. 10.1017/CBO978051160027210.1017/CBO9780511600272 ↗
5. Hearle JWS. Textiles for composites. Textil Horiz 1994; 11: 11–15.
6. 10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00034-210.1016/S1359-835X(99)00034-2 ↗
7. Ambrosio L, Gloria A, Causa F, Composite materials for replacement of ligaments and tendons. In: Ambrosio L (ed.) Biomedical composites: Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 2009, pp. 234–254.
8. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.50.17410.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.50.174 ↗
9. Yamamoto T and Hirokawa T. Advanced joint of 3D composite materials for space structure. In: 35th international SAMPE symposium 1990 pp.1069–1077.
10. Donnet JB, Bansal RC. Carbon fibers, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1990.
11. Bilisik K. Multiaxis three-dimensional (3-D) woven and braided preform unit cells and implementation of possible functional characterization for biomedical applications. Artif Organs 2009; 33: A101–A101.
12. Uozumi T Iwahori Y Iwasawa S et al. Braiding technologies for airplane applications using RTM process. In: Proceedings of the seventh Japan international SAMPE symposium Tokyo Japan 2001.
13. Furrow KW. Material property evaluation of braided and braided/woven wing skin blade stiffeners. NASA Contractor Report: 198303 April 1996.
14. Ko FK. Braiding. In: Engineered materials handbook. Ohio: ASM International 1987 pp.519–528.
15. Bogdanovich A and Mungalov D. Recent advancements in manufacturing 3D braided preforms and composites. In: Bandyopadhyay S (ed.) proceedings ACUN-4 composite systems- macro composites micro composites nanocomposites University of New South Wales Sydney Australia 2002.
16. Bluck BM. High speed bias weaving and braiding. Patent No 3426804 USA 11 February 1969.
17. Maistre MA. Process and apparatus for producing wire braids. Patent No 1356524 UK 12 June 1974.
18. 10.1177/00405175830530100810.1177/004051758305301008 ↗
19. Weller RD. AYPEX: A new method of composite reinforcement braiding 3D composite materials. NASA Conference Publication No 2420 1985.
20. Popper P and McConnell R. A new 3D braid for integrated parts manufacture and improved delamination resistance- the 2-step process. In: proceedings of 32nd international SAMPE symposium and exhibition Anaheim CA USA 1987.
21. 10.1177/00219983940280130110.1177/002199839402801301 ↗
22. Lee SM. International encyclopedia of composites, New York: VHC Publisher Inc, 1990, pp. 130–147.
23. 10.1177/004051750809560010.1177/0040517508095600 ↗
24. 10.1080/1944701530868787410.1080/19447015308687874 ↗
25. 10.1080/1944702540866263110.1080/19447025408662631 ↗
26. Akiyama Y Maekawa Z Hamada H et al. Braid and braiding method. Patent No 5385077 USA 31 January 1995.
27. Head AA. High coverage area braiding material for braiding structures. Patent No 6112634 USA 5 September 2000.
28. Rogers CW and Crist SR. Braided preform for composite bodies. Patent No 5619903 USA 15 April 1997.
29. Wilden KS Harris CG Flynn BW et al. Advanced technology composite fuselage-manufacturing. The Boeing Company NASA Contractor Report 4735 Seattle Washington USA April 1997.
30. Foster-Miller Inc. commercial website (a Subsidiary of QinetiQ-North America Inc.) http://www.qinetiq-na.com (2001). Accessed: 22 February 2012.
31. Brandt J Drechsler K and Filsinger J. Advanced textile technologies for the cost effective manufacturing of high performance composites. In: RTO AVT specialist meeting on low cost composite structures Norway RTO-MP-069(II) 2001.
32. Fiber innovations Inc. Technical documents 8 January 2002.
33. Uozumi T Iwahori Y Iwasawa S et al. Braiding technologies for airplane applications using RTM process. In: Proceedings of the seventh Japan international SAMPE symposium Tokyo Japan 2001 pp.697–700.
34. Hamada H, Fujita A, Nakai A, . New fabrication system for thick composites: a multireciprocal braiding system. Innovat Process Char Compos Mater 1995; 20: 295–304.
35. Klein JT Broughton RM and Beale DG. Braided fabric and method of forming. Patent No 5899134 USA 4 May 1999.
36. A&P Technology Inc. commercial web site http://www.braider.com (2004).
37. Florentine RA. Apparatus for weaving a three dimensional article. Patent No 4312261 USA 26 January 1982.
38. 10.1177/004051751140459710.1177/0040517511404597 ↗
39. Pastore CM. A processing science model for three dimensional braiding. PhD Thesis Drexel University PA USA 1988.
40. Brown RT. Braiding apparatus. Patent No 2205861 A UK 31 May 1988.
41. Brown RT and Ratliff ED. Method of sequenced braider motion for multi ply braiding apparatus. Patent No 4621560 USA 11 November 1986.
42. Bilisik AK. Multiaxial and multilayered 8-step circular braided preform for composite application. In: 8th international machine design and production conference Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey 9–11 September 1998.
43. Brown RT. Through-the-thickness braiding technology. In: 30th national SAMPE symposium Tokyo Japan 1985.
44. Schneider M Pickett AK and Wulfhorst B. A new rotary braiding machine and CAE procedures to produce efficient 3D braided textiles for composites. In: 45th international SAMPE symposium Long Beach CA USA 2000.
45. Tsuzuki M Kimbara M Fukuta K et al. Three dimensional fabric woven by interlacing threads with rotor driven carriers. Patent No 5067525 USA 26 November 1991.
46. Tsuzuki M. Three dimensional woven fabric with varied thread orientations. Patent No 5348056 USA 20 September 1994.
47. Uozumi T. Braid structure body. Patent No 5438904 USA 8 August 1995.
48. Brookstein DS Rose D Dent R et al. Apparatus for making a braid structure. Patent No 5501133 USA 26 March 1996.
49. Brookstein DS Skelton J Dent JR et al. Solid braid structure. Patent No 5357839 USA 25 October 1994.
50. Brookstein DS. A comparison of multilayer interlocked braided composites with other 3D braided composites. In: 36th international SAMPE symposium Anaheim USA 1991.
51. Mohamed MH. Three dimensional textiles. Am Sci 1990; 78: 530–541.
52. Temple S. Woven tubular structure. Patent No 0113196 A1 Europe 11 June 1984.
53. 10.1177/004051751141497810.1177/0040517511414978 ↗
54. Spain RG. Method for making 3D fiber reinforced metal/glass matrix composite article. Patent No 4916997 USA 17 April 1990.
55. McConnell RF and Popper P. Complex shaped braided structures. Patent No 4719837 USA 19 January 1988.
56. 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.05.01310.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.05.013 ↗
57. Langer H Pickett A Obolenski B et al. Computer controlled automated manufacture of 3D braids for composite. In: Euromat symposium Munich Germany 2000.
58. Schneider M Pickett AK and Langer H. Exemplary CAE design tools for textile reinforced composites by means of FE-analysis. In: Euromat symposium Munich Germany 2000.
59. Mungalov D, Duke P, Bogdanovich A. High performance 3‐D braided fiber preforms: design and manufacturing advancements for complex composite structures. SAMPE J 2007; 43: 53–60.
60. Mungalov D, Bogdanovich A. Complex shape 3-D braided composite preforms: structural shapes for marine and aerospace. SAMPE J 2004; 40: 7–21.
61. Chen JL and El-Shiekh A. Construction and geometry of 6 step braided preforms for composites. In: 39th international SAMPE symposium Anaheim CA USA 11–14 April 1994.
62. 10.1007/BF0115469510.1007/BF01154695 ↗
63. Freitas G Keough KE Hurley WJ Jr et al. Braiding machine carrier with clutch. Patent No 5904087 USA 18 May 1999.
64. Steeger GmbH. commercial web site http://www.steegerusa.com (2011). Accessed: 27 February 2012.
65. Moyer JD. Braider carrier. Patent No 4736668 USA 12 April 1988.
66. Brown RT and Ashton CH. Fiber spool apparatus. Patent No 4903574 USA 27 February 1990.
67. El-Shiekh A Li W and Hammad M. Yarn carrier apparatus for braiding machines and the like. Patent No 5156079 USA 20 October 1992.
68. Kimbara M. Yarn tensioning device for textile weaving machines. Patent No 5584 223 USA 17 December 1996.
69. Voyer GG and Corneau RA. Spool carrier for delivering yarn under tension. Patent No 5732611 USA 31 March 1998.
70. Obelenski B Schneider H and Brandt J. A new generation of braiding machines. Joint project run by the German Ministry of Research and Technology No. 03 M 1051 Institute for Textiltechnik RWTH Aachen Germany 17 May 1994.
71. Naik RA. TEXCAD - Textile composite analysis for design: Version 1.0 user’s manual. NASA CR-4639 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Hampton VA 1994.
72. 10.1002/pc.1038010.1002/pc.10380 ↗
73. 10.1177/004051750935252310.1177/0040517509352523 ↗
74. 10.1016/S1359-835X(00)00153-610.1016/S1359-835X(00)00153-6 ↗
75. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.11.00810.1016/j.compscitech.2003.11.008 ↗
76. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.09.00410.1016/j.compstruct.2009.09.004 ↗
77. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.08.00310.1016/j.compscitech.2005.08.003 ↗
78. 10.1080/1537649049049399810.1080/15376490490493998 ↗
79. 10.1115/1.280594510.1115/1.2805945 ↗
80. 10.1016/0961-9526(93)90072-R10.1016/0961-9526(93)90072-R ↗
81. 10.1177/00219983980320090210.1177/002199839803200902 ↗
82. 10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00173-610.1016/S0266-3538(99)00173-6 ↗
83. 10.1177/002199830203600845910.1177/0021998302036008459 ↗
84. 10.1177/002199830203601046010.1177/0021998302036010460 ↗
85. ABAQUS Hibbitt Karlsson and Sorensen Inc. Providence RI 1998.
86. Cox BN and Flanagan G. Handbook of analytical methods for textile composites. NASA CR-4750 March 1997.
87. 10.1016/0266-3538(95)00112-310.1016/0266-3538(95)00112-3 ↗
88. 10.1007/BF0055712910.1007/BF00557129 ↗
89. 10.1023/A:101589370579010.1023/A:1015893705790 ↗
90. Zhang W, Ding X, Li YL. Calculation and design of parameters for four-step 3d braided preform with complex rectangular cross sections. J Ind Textil 2008; 38: 39–150.
91. 10.1177/002199830708217910.1177/0021998307082179 ↗
92. 10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00079-710.1016/S0266-3538(98)00079-7 ↗
93. Ko F. Development of high damage tolerant net shape composites through textile structural design. In: proceedings of 5th international conference on composite materials ICCM-V San Diego CA 1985.
94. 10.1520/STP32805S10.1520/STP32805S ↗
95. 10.1177/004051750708130810.1177/0040517507081308 ↗
96. 10.1243/03093247V24425310.1243/03093247V244253 ↗
97. 10.1177/002199830504645110.1177/0021998305046451 ↗
98. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.05.02010.1016/j.compstruct.2004.05.020 ↗
99. 10.1016/S0045-7949(03)00228-110.1016/S0045-7949(03)00228-1 ↗
100. Zeng T, Jiang LL. Mechanics analysis of 3d braided composites based on the helix geometry model. Math Comput Appl 2010; 15: 883–888.