Lignin-based resins for kraft paper applications
Source abstract
Abstract
We investigated miscanthus (MS) and willow (W) lignin-furfural based resins as potential reinforcement agents on softwood and hardwood kraft paper. These resins might be sustainable alternatives to the commercial phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins. Phenol is a petrochemical product and formaldehyde has been classified as a carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The lignin used in this study was derived from hot water extraction (160ºC, 2 h) of MS and W biomass, and may be considered sulfur-free. These biorefinery lignins were characterized for their chemical composition and inherent properties via wet chemistry and instrumental techniques. The resin blends (MS-resin and W-resin) were characterized for their molecular weight, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties. Mechanical properties were measured by the resin’s ability to reinforce softwood and hardwood kraft papers. The effect of adding hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), a curing agent, to the resin was also examined. Mixtures of PF and lignin-based resins were investigated to further explore ways to reduce use of nonrenewables, phenol, and carcinogenic formaldehyde. The results show that lignin-based resins have the potential to replace PF resins in kraft paper applications. For softwood paper, the highest strength was achieved using W-resin, without HMTA (2.5 times greater than PF with HMTA). For hardwood paper, MS-resin with HMTA gave the highest strength (2.3 times higher than PF with HMTA). The lignin-based resins, without HMTA, also yielded mechanical properties comparable to PF with HMTA.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Lignin and Wood Chemistry · Biofuel production and bioconversion · Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (50)
Show source-provided references
1. Zhang, Y., “Production and applications of formaldehyde-free phenolic resins using 5-hydroxymethylfurfural derived from glucose in-situ,” Ph.D. thesis, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, 2014. Available [Online] https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2617<30Nov2019>.
2. Pizzi, A., in Handbook of Adhesive Technology, CRC Press, Baton Rouge, LA, USA, 2003, Chap. 26. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203912225.ch26.10.1201/9780203912225.ch26 ↗
3. Zhang, W., Ma, Y., Wang, C., et al., Ind. Crops Prod. 43: 326(2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.037.10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.037 ↗
4. Hu, F. and Ragauskas, A., BioEnergy Res. 5(4): 1043(2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9208-0.10.1007/s12155-012-9208-0 ↗
5. Sjöström, E. and Alen, R., Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking, Springer Science & Business Media, New York, 2013.10.1007/978-3-662-03898-7 ↗
6. Vanholme, R., Demedts, B., Morreel, K., et al., Plant Physiol. 153: 895(2010). https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.155119.10.1104/pp.110.155119 ↗
7. Ralph, J., Brunow, G., and Boerjan, W., Lignins, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0020104.10.1002/9780470015902.a0020104 ↗
8. Sjöström, E., Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edn., Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 1993.
9. Timell, T.E., Wood Sci. Technol. 1(1): 45(1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00592255.10.1007/BF00592255 ↗
10. De Medeiros, E.S., Agnelli, J.A.M., Kuruvilla, J., et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 90(6): 1678(2003). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12838.10.1002/app.12838 ↗
11. Motoki, K., Tomoki, T., and Yusuke, K., et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 129(1): 310(2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38703.10.1002/app.38703 ↗
12. Mansouri, N.-E.E. and Salvadó, J., Ind. Crops Prod. 24(1): 8(2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.10.002.10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.10.002 ↗
13. Tejado, A., Peña, C., Labidi, J., et al., Bioresour. Technol. 98(8): 1655(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.05.042.10.1016/j.biortech.2006.05.042 ↗
14. Alonso, M.V., Oliet, M., Domínguez, J.C., et al., J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 105(1): 349(2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1405-0.10.1007/s10973-011-1405-0 ↗
15. Jing, Z., Lihong, H., Bingchuan, L., et al., J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 54: 178(2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.023.10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.023 ↗
16. Yan, N., Zhang, B., Zhao, Y., et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56(22): 6369(2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00353.10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00353 ↗
17. Ghorbani, M., Mahendran, A.R., van Herwijnen, H.W.G., et al., Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 76(2): 481(2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1248-x.10.1007/s00107-017-1248-x ↗
18. Cox, R.L., Engineered Tribological Composites: The Art of Friction Material Development, SAE International, Warrendale, PA, USA, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4271/R-401.10.4271/R-401 ↗
19. Chan, D. and Stachowiak, G.W., Proc.–Inst.. Mech. Eng., Part D: J. Automob. Eng. 218(9): 953(2004). https://doi.org/10.1243/0954407041856773.10.1243/0954407041856773 ↗
20. Amidon, T. and Wood, C., J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy 2(2): 100(2008). https://doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2008.302.10.1166/jbmb.2008.302 ↗
21. Sakostschikoff, A.P., Iwanowa, W.T., and Kurennowa A.M., Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 6(3): 205(1934). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50089a019.10.1021/ac50089a019 ↗
22. Dongre, P., Driscoll, M., Amidon, T., et al., Energies 8(8): 7897(2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/en8087897.10.3390/en8087897 ↗
23. Wang, K.-T., Jing, C., Wood, C., et al., Energies 11(1): 39(2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010039.10.3390/en11010039 ↗
24. Schöning, A.G. and Johansson, G., Sven. Papperstidn. 68: 607(1965).
25. Davis, M.W., J. Wood Chem. Technol. 18(2): 235(1998). https://doi.org/10.1080/02773819809349579.10.1080/02773819809349579 ↗
26. Chen, C.L. and Robert, D., Characterization of Lignin by 1H and 13CNMR Spectroscopy Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 161B, AcademicPress, New York, 1988, pp. 137-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(88)61017-2.10.1016/0076-6879(88)61017-2 ↗
27. Stewart, D., Ind. Crops Prod. 27(2): 202(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.008.10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.008 ↗
28. Lai, Y.-Z. and Guo, X.-P., Wood Sci. Technol. 25: 467(1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00225239.10.1007/BF00225239 ↗
29. Tejado, A., Kortaberria, G., Peña, C., et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 106(4): 2313(2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26941.10.1002/app.26941 ↗
30. Villaverde, J.J., Li, J., Ek, M., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 57(14): 6262(2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900483t.10.1021/jf900483t ↗
31. El Hage, R., Brosse, N., Chrusciel, L., et al., Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94(10): 1632(2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.07.007.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.07.007 ↗
32. Agarwal, U.P., Ralph, S.A., Padmakshan, D., et al., “Estimationof S/G ratio in woods using 1064 nm FT-Raman spectroscopy,” 18th ISWFPC Int. Symp. Wood Fiber Pulping Chemistry, Proc., U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA, 2015, pp. 333-336.
33. Takahashi, N. and Koshijima, T., Wood Sci. Technol. 22(3): 231(1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386018.10.1007/BF00386018 ↗
34. Duarte, G.V., Ramarao, B.V., Amidon, T.E., et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(17): 9949(2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie200639u.10.1021/ie200639u ↗
35. Villaverde, J.J., Ligero, P., and de Vega, A., Open Agric. J. 4: 102(2010). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010102.10.2174/1874331501004010102 ↗
36. Goundalkar, M.J., Corbett, D.B., and Bujanovic, B.M., Energies 7(3): 1363(2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/en7031363.10.3390/en7031363 ↗
37. Narron, R.H., Kim, H., Chang, H., et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 38: 39(2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2015.12.018.10.1016/j.copbio.2015.12.018 ↗
38. Higuchi, T., Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, USA, 1985.
39. van der Klashorst, G.H., in Lignin: Properties and Materials. (W.G. Glasser and S. Sarkanen, Eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA,1989, vol. 397, pp. 346-360. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0397.ch026.10.1021/bk-1989-0397.ch026 ↗
40. Binder, J.B., Blank, J.J., Cefali, A.V., et al., ChemSusChem 3(11): 1268(2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201000181.10.1002/cssc.201000181 ↗
41. Samuel, R., Cao, S., Das, B.K., et al., RSC Adv. 3(16): 5305(2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra40578h.10.1039/c3ra40578h ↗
42. Bu, L., Tang, Y., Gao, Y., et al., Chem. Eng. J. 175: 176(2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.091.10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.091 ↗
43. Binder, J.B., Gray, M.J., White, J.F., et al., Biomass Bioenergy 33(9): 1122(2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.03.006.10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.03.006 ↗
44. Brownlee, H.J. and Miner, C.S., Ind. Eng. Chem. 40(2): 201(1948). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50458a005.10.1021/ie50458a005 ↗
45. Lora, J.H. and Glasser, W.G., J. Polym. Environ. 10(1-2): 39(2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021070006895.10.1023/A:1021070006895 ↗
46. Sperling, L.H., in Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 2005, pp. 349-425. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471757128.ch8.10.1002/0471757128.ch8 ↗
47. Chua, M.G. and Wayman, M., Can. J. Chem. 57(19): 2603(1979). https://doi.org/10.1139/v79-421.10.1139/v79-421 ↗
48. Li, J. and Gellerstedt, G., Ind. Crops Prod. 27(2): 175(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.022.10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.022 ↗
49. Lora, J.H. and Wayman, M., Tappi 61(6): 47(1978).
50. Maron, R. and Crosby, C.M., “Interaction between fibers and phenolic resins,” Tappi 54(8): 1319(1971).