Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products
Source abstract
Abstract
Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Recycling and Waste Management Techniques · Environmental Impact and Sustainability · Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (49)
Show source-provided references
1. Keim, G.I., U.S. pat. 2,926,116 (Feb. 23, 1960).10.1176/ajp.116.10.926 ↗
2. Keim, G.I., U.S. pat. 2,926,154 (Feb. 23, 1960).
3. Crisp, M.T. and Riehle, R.J., “Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet strength resins for improved health and sustainability,” TAPPI PaperCon, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2014.
4. Podd, B., “Global food contact regulations,” ChemCon The Americas, ChemCon Conferences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 2012.
5. Espy, H.H., in Wet-Strength Resins and Their Applications (L.L. Chan, Ed.), TAPPI Press, Atlanta, 1994, Chap. 2.
6. Crisp, M.T. and Riehle, R.J., in Application of Wet End Chemistry (I. Thorn and C.O. Au, Eds.) 2nd edn., Springer, Dordrecht, 2009, Chap. 8.
7. Hasegawa, T., Takagishi, H., and Horiuchi, H., U.S. pat. 5,017,642 (May 21, 1991).
8. Maslanka, W.W., U.S. pat. 6,908,983 (June 21, 2005).
9. Miller, A.J. and Stubbs, B.M., U.S. pat. 5,171,795 (Dec. 15, 1992).
10. Bower, B.K., U.S. pat. 5,714,552 (Feb. 3, 1998).
11. Goldsberry, H., Luo, Y., and Chen, J., “New Approach for polyam¬idoamine-epichlorohydrin resin—a new low AOX wet-strength resin,” TAPPI PaperCon, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, 2012.
12. U.S. FDA, “Inventory of effective food contact substance (FCS) notifications,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. Available [Online] https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ fdcc/?set=FCN <22Sept2018>.
13. Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency, “ANVISA/DC Resolution No. 88 of 06/29/2016,” ANVISA, Brasília. Available [Online] https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=325444 <24Sept2018>; Google translation: https://translate.google.com/ translate?hl=en&sl=pt&u=https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao /%3Fid%3D325444&prev=search <24Sept2018>.
14. Walmart, “Sustainable packaging playbook,” Walmart, Bentonville, AR, USA. Available [Online] https://www.resource-recycling.com/ images/e-newsletterimages/Walmart_Sustainable_Packaging_ Playbook.pdf <22Sept2018>.
15. Target, “Target announces new chemical strategy including policy and goals for its products and operations,” Target, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Available [Online] https://corporate.target.com/arti¬cle/2017/01/chemical-policy-and-goals <24Sept2018>.
16. California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), “Chemicals considered or listed under Proposition 65,” OEHHA, Sacramento, CA, USA. Available [Online] https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/ chemicals <24Sept2018>.10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.012 ↗
17. International Agency for Research on Cancer, “Epichlorohydrin,” IARC Monographs vol. 71, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available [Online] http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/ Monographs/vol71/mono71-26.pdf <22Sept2018>.
18. National Toxicology Program, “National Institutes of Health report on carcinogens,” 14th edn., National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, 2016. Available [Online] https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/pro¬files/epichlorohydrin.pdf <24Sept2018>.
19. California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), “Evidence on the carcinogenicity of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol,” OEHHA, Sacramento, June 2010. Available [Online] https://oehha.ca.gov/ media/downloads/proposition-65/13-dcphida.pdf <24Sept2018>.10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.012 ↗
20. National Toxicology Program, “1,3-dichloro-2-propanol [CAS No. 96-23-1] review of toxicological literature,” National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, January 2005. Available [Online] https://ntp. niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/dichloropro¬panol_508.pdf <22Sept2018>.
21. California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), “Evidence on the carcinogenicity of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol,” OEHHA, Sacramento, June 2010. Available [Online] https://oehha.ca.gov/ media/downloads/proposition-65/3-mcpd_hida.pdf <24Sept2018>.10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.012 ↗
22. International Agency for Research on Cancer, “3-monochloro- 1,2-propanediol,” IARC Monographs vol. 101, World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 349–374. Available [Online] http:// monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol101/mono101-010.pdf <22Sept2018>.
23. European Commission, “Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD),” European Union, Brussels, 30 May 2001. Available [Online] https://ec.europa.eu/ food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/cs_contaminants_catalogue_ mcpd_out91_en.pdf <22Sept2018>.10.2903/j.efsa.2008.1048 ↗
24. Bull, A., Hardman, D.J., Stubbs, B.M., et al., U.S. pat. 5,470,742 (Nov. 28, 1995).
25. Bull, A., Hardman, D.J., Stubbs, B.M., et al., U.S. pat. 5,843,763 (Dec. 1, 1998).
26. Bull, A., Hardman, D.J., Stubbs, B.M., et al., U.S. pat. 5,871,616 (Feb. 16, 1999).
27. Fauzi, A.M., Hardman, D.J., and Bull, A.T., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 46(5-6): 660(1996).10.1007/s002530050877 ↗
28. Bigorra Llosas, J., Pinilla, J.-A., and Pi Subirana, R., Euro. Pat. EP 1 135 427 B1 (Sept. 26, 2001).10.1017/S0361233300000843 ↗
29. Amey, R.L., U.S. pat. 6,056,855 (May 2, 2000).10.1088/1126-6708/2000/07/056 ↗
30. Amey, R.L., U.S. pat. 6,057,420 (May 2, 2000).
31. Laurent, H., Dreyfus, T., Poulet, C., et al., U.S. pat. 6,342,580 B1 (Jan. 29, 2002).
32. Constantin, G., Fouquay, S., Poulet, C., et al., World pat. WO 01/18093 A1 (Mar. 15, 2001).
33. Riehle, R.J., Allen, A.J., Hoglen, J.J., et al., U.S. pat. 6,554,961 B1 (Apr. 29, 2003).
34. Allen, A.J., Hoglen, J.J., Busink, R., et al., World pat. WO 00/77076 A1 (Dec. 21, 2000).
35. Riehle, R.J., Busink, R., Berri, M., et al., U.S. pat. 7,303,652 B1 (Dec. 4, 2007).
36. Riehle, R.J., Allen, A.J., Hoglen, J.J., et al., U.S. pat. 7,175,740 B1 (Feb. 13, 2007).
37. Riehle, R.J., U.S. pat. 7,081,512 B1 (July 25, 2006).10.1016/j.cropro.2006.01.011 ↗
38. Riehle, R.J. and Vinciguerra, S., U.S. pat. 7,932,349 B1 (Apr. 26, 2011).
39. Riehle, R.J. and Vinciguerra, S., U.S. pat. 8,101,710 B1 (Jan. 24, 2012).
40. Riehle, R.J., in ACS Symposium Series 900 (H.N. Cheng and R.A. Gross, Eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2005, Chap. 21.
41. Gorzynski, M. and Pingel, A., U.S. pat. 5,516,885 (May 14, 1996).10.1038/nbt0496-516 ↗
42. Gorzynski, M. and Pingel, A., U.S. pat. 6,376,578 B1 (Apr. 23, 2002).
43. Riehle, R.J., U.S. pat. 6,429,267 (Aug. 6, 2002).
44. Crisp, M.T., Evans, M.A., Lewis, A.H., et al., U.S. pat. 9,719,212 (Aug. 1, 2017).
45. European Union, “The EU Ecolabel for tissue paper,” European Union, Brussels, July 2009. Available [Online] http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/ecolabel/documents/tissue_paper.pdf <22Sept2018>.
46. Nordic Ecolabelling, “Paper products – basic and chemical mod¬ule,” Version 2.5, Nordic Ecolabelling, Stockholm, 14 November 2017. Available [Online] http://www.nordic-ecolabel.org/product-groups/group/?productGroupCode=005 <26Sep2018>.
47. Nordic Ecolabelling, “Nordic Ecolabelling of Tissue paper,” Version 2.6, Nordic Ecolabelling, Stockholm, 14 December 2017. Available [Online] http://www.nordic-ecolabel.org/product-groups/ group/?productGroupCode=005 <26Sept2018>.10.6027/9789289340717-7-en ↗
48. German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment, “XXXVI. Paper and board for food contact,” (English translation), BfR, Berlin, pp. 1–7; fn 10. Available [Online] https://bfr.ble.de/kse/faces/resources/ pdf/360-english.pdf <26Sept2018>.
49. Council of Europe, “Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field,” Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France, 22 September 2004. Available [Online] https://www.edqm.eu/sites/default/files/ policy_statement_concerning_tissue_paper_kitchen_towels_and_ napkins_v1_september_2004.pdf <26Sept2018>.