Influence of bipolaron lattice formation on CV, ESR and EQCM at finite rate constants

Bipolaron lattice formation increases polaron and bipolaron formation energies leading to modified formal potentials to be used in the Nernst equations. In this manner one describes the capacitive CV current plateau above the redox potential and the asymmetric ESR intensity with a tail. The inclusion of finite rate constants gives in addition the peak separation and the qualitative dependence of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance results.