Extraordinarily high reduction states of fullerenes produced by intercalation with divalent metals

Exo- and endohedral functionalization of single wall carbon nanotubes is discussed from the point of view of IR and Raman spectroscopy The presented examples are for carboxy-SWCNT and C 60 @SWCNT systems The carboxy groups are meta stable connected to the tubes. The process of functionalization creates defects on the tubes which can not be recovered at the temperatures up to 800 °C whereas the functional groups can be split off. In the case of C 60 @SWCNT Raman spectroscopy allows to determine the concentration of fullerene molecules in the tubes if the analysis is performed for excitation with various lasers. A calibration table and corresponding correction diagrams are provided.