Cross-Platform Cancer Cell Identification Using Telomerase-Specific Spherical Nucleic Acids

Distinguishing tumor cells from normal cells holds the key to precision diagnosis and effective intervention of cancers. The fundamental difficulties, however, are the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the lack of truly specific and ideally universal cancer biomarkers. Here, we report a concept of tumor cell detection, bypassing the specific genotypic and phenotypic features of different tumor cell types and directly going toward the hallmark of cancer, uncontrollable growth. Combining spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) with exquisitely engineered molecular beacons (SNA beacons, dubbed SNAB technology) is capable of identifying tumor cells from normal cells based on the molecular phenotype of telomerase activity, largely bypassing the heterogeneity problem of cancers. Owing to the cell-entry capability of SNAs, the SNAB probe readily achieves tumor cell detection across multiple platforms, ranging from solution-based assay, to single cell imaging and in vivo solid tumor imaging (unlike PCR that is restricted to cell lysates). We envision the SNAB technology will impact cancer diagnosis, therapeutic response assessment, and image-guided surgery.