Functional Nanosheet Immunoswitches Reprogramming Innate Macrophages for Immunotherapy of Colorectal Cancer and Sepsis

Macrophages are involved in the immunopathogenesis of cancer and inflammatory diseases and are a primary target for immunotherapy to reprogram the M1 and M2 phenotypes in tumor and inflammatory microenvironments. Herein, functional nanosheet immunoswitches that can bidirectionally polarize macrophages in tumor and inflammatory microenvironments are designed for effective immunotherapy of colorectal cancer and sepsis. WSe 2 nanosheets are functionalized with palmitic acid to obtain an M1 immunoswitch (PA-WSe 2 ) that promotes the polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype in the tumor microenvironment by activating the STAT1 signaling pathway. WS 2 nanosheets bearing linoleic acid are synthesized as an M2 immunoswitch (LA-WS 2 ) that effectively polarizes macrophages to the M2 phenotype in the septic microenvironment by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway. The PA-WSe 2 M1 immunoswitch upregulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) via M1 polarization, leading to the effective immunotherapy for colorectal cancer in vivo . In contrast, the LA-WS 2 M2 immunoswitch induces the elevated production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and scavenging of ROS and RNS through M2 polarization, resulting in superior immunotherapy for severe sepsis in mice. These nanosheet immunoswitches can provide a route to immunotherapy for various cancers and inflammatory diseases.