LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE (PZT) PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS: APPLICATIONS AND PROSPECTS IN HUMAN MOTION MONITORING

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramics have emerged as a leading material for human motion monitoring and energy harvesting applications due to their exceptional piezoelectric properties, high Curie temperature, and versatility in device fabrication. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of PZT ceramics, including their crystal structure, phase diagram, and the mechanisms underlying their piezoelectric response. The intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the piezoelectric properties of PZT are discussed, along with the key factors influencing its performance. Various PZT-based devices for human motion monitoring, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors, are explored, highlighting their advantages and commercial implementations. Moreover, the application of PZT materials in energy harvesting from human motion is examined, focusing on device configurations, performance metrics, and state-of-the-art PZT energy harvesters. Strategies for enhancing the performance of PZT ceramics and the challenges associated with their use are also addressed. Finally, future research directions are outlined, emphasising the development of lead-free alternatives, advanced manufacturing techniques, and the integration of PZT with other functional materials for multifunctional and self-powered motion monitoring systems.