PEDOT: PSS for Implantable and Wearable Bioelectronics: From Material Engineering and Energy Storage to Clinical Translation

ABSTRACT Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS), distinguished by its exceptional electrical conductivity, superior biocompatibility, and capacity for multifunctional integration, has emerged as a pivotal biomaterial at the nexus of biomedical engineering and flexible electronics. This review systematically elucidates the fundamental physicochemical attributes and charge transport mechanisms of PEDOT: PSS. It critically examines mainstream modification strategies—including solvent doping, surfactant engineering, nanocomposite formulation, and plasma treatment—providing deep insights into how these approaches govern the material's microstructure and macroscopic performance. Building on this foundation, we detail recent breakthroughs in frontier applications such as biosensing and real‐time monitoring, electroceuticals, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, smart targeted drug delivery, and self‐powered wearable devices. Special emphasis is placed on the synergistic interplay among performance optimization, modification strategies, and clinical translation. Furthermore, the article offers a critical analysis of persistent challenges hindering clinical adoption, including long‐term stability, biosafety, and batch‐to‐batch consistency. Finally, we outline future trajectories, such as counterion substitution, biomimetic interface functionalization, and intelligent closed‐loop systems. This work aims to establish a robust theoretical and technical framework to accelerate the advanced research and broad deployment of PEDOT: PSS in biomedical contexts.