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journal article·2026-01Open access

Facile Scalable Assembly of Uniform and Layered Plasmonic Hotspots by Force‐Assisted Capillary‐Mediated Colloidal Transfer

Ju A. La, Keumrai Whang, Hyunjoo Lee, Inhyeok Hwang, Youngjae Kim, Byeong Hyeon Choi, Hyungduk Ko, Hyun Koo Kim, Dan Dongeun Huh, Dongchoul Kim, Taewook Kang

Small· Volume 22· Issue 1
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Abstract

Abstract Three‐dimensional (3D) assembly of colloidal metal nanoparticles for plasmonic detections has been prepared by Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) deposition. However, due to the small focal volume of an incident light, it suffers from laser spot‐to‐spot variations in near‐field intensities, which undermines signal uniformity, thereby hindering its widespread use. Here, a facile and scalable method to fabricate focal volume‐comparable is presented, uniform 3D architectures of plasmonic hotspots by devising the force‐assisted, capillary‐mediated stacking of colloidal metal nanoparticles. By deploying only a few pN per nanoparticle, it is shown that the method quickly produces multiple monolayers with lateral sizes in the submillimeter range, in which surface uniformity with a small variation of 4% is improved by ≈30% compared to the LB deposition. The simulation suggests that the volume fraction of electromagnetic field enhancement increases with increasing the number of layers, and its intensity can be maximized by more than 100% by simply stacking the monolayers. Additionally, tailoring the size of the void of the 3D assembly leads to a four orders of magnitude increase in the sensitivity of the Raman detection. It is indicated that the method can greatly improve the practical utility of colloidal metal nanoparticles for sensing applications from biomedicine to biomanufacturing.
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Research context

NanomaterialsMaterials processing

OpenAlex topics: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications · Laser-Ablation Synthesis of Nanoparticles · Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Institute of Integrated Biotechnology Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea

Department of Mechanical Engineering Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea

Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA

Department of Chemical and Biomoleuclar Engineering Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea

Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery College of Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Korea University Seoul 08308 Republic of Korea

Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea

Nanophotonics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea

KHU‐KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology Kyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea

Department of Bioengineering School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

BK21 Four R&E Center for Molecular‐scale Control in Chemical and Biological Engineering Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea

Funding

Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea

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