A Dynamic Yolk–Shell p–n Heterojunction With Coupled Shear Stress‐Triggered Tribo‐/Piezoelectric Effect for Catalytic Thrombolysis

ABSTRACT Arterial thrombosis is a major cause of cardiovascular mortality, yet thrombolytic agents are limited by recurrence and bleeding risks. Non‐pharmacological methods using photo‐/sono‐dynamic effects require external stimuli and high mechanic force. Herein, we propose a yolk–shell‐structured p–n dynamic heterojunction that, in response to increased shear stress at clot sites, interfacial collisions between the yolk and shell generate tribo‐/piezoelectric catalysis, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) for thrombolysis. Specifically, yolk–shell BFO@tBT‐C nanoparticles were fabricated by sequentially depositing sacrificial SiO ₂ and TiO ₂ layers on BiFeO ₃ (BFO) yolks, with thrombus‐targeting peptides grafted onto the tetragona BaTiO ₃ (tBT) shell. The coupled tribo‐/piezoelectric effect generates 3.6 and 2.1‐folds higher potentials than individual triboelectric and piezoelectric potentials, respectively. An interfacial electric field (IEF) between BFO and tBT, along with piezoelectric fields (PEF), facilitates the separation of electron‐hole pairs, and the transient electric field (TEF) formed after yolk–shell separation promotes the cleavage of O‐H bonds in H ₂ O and the diffusion of ·O ₂ ⁻ , amplifying ROS generation. The grafted thrombus‐targeting peptides increase nanoparticle accumulation at the clot site by 3‐fold, while the shear‐responsive mechanism minimizes off‐target effects. Thus, by integrating endogenous shear stress‐responsiveness and dynamic heterojunction engineering, this work pioneers a transformative approach for precise, high‐efficacy thrombolysis.