journal article·2026-03

Multi‐Molecular Logic Framework Based on Morse Code, ASCII Logic, and Beale's Cipher for Advanced Crypto‐Steganography

Mohamed Nabeel Mattath, Yingying Lu, Ajith Manayil Parambil, Yan Gao, Tian‐Ming Yao, Jing‐Jing Li, Rui‐Min Zang, Song Hu, Shuo Shi

Small· Volume 22· Issue 13
Publisher page

Abstract

ABSTRACT Molecular information coding (MIC) involves biomolecules to encrypt and transmit messages, remains in its early stages of development. This work presents a versatile molecular integration framework and a proof‐of‐concept multi‐level security system that combines Morse code, ASCII code, and Beale's cipher through molecular logic computing, using a molecular dye‐oligonucleotide platform (single‐stranded DNA, duplex DNA, stem‐loop, and G‐quadruplex (G‐4) structures). This study demonstrates the integration of nanotechnology with crypto‐steganographic methods to visualize and decipher codes, embedding elementary logic operations into molecular signal transduction. Additionally, a graphical user interface (GUI) is developed for classifying elementary logic gates using a decision tree algorithm, providing researchers with an accessible tool for rapid prediction. The Morse code‐mediated strategy enables static key generation using dots, dashes, and intervals, and dynamic key generation through a polyalphabetic cipher framework. In parallel, ASCII‐based logic gate operations facilitate multi‐key decryption of decimal values to recover hidden information. Furthermore, a multilayered hybrid cryptographic technique combining Beale's cipher with Morse code implemented via a pangramic codebook, establishes an exceptionally resistant system against brute‐force attacks. These methods provide insights into the evolution of communication and highlight the importance of encryption without relying on highly complex materials or sophisticated instruments.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques · DNA and Biological Computing · Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital Shanghai P. R. China

Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering Department of Clinical Laboratory Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Tongji University Shanghai P. R. China

Seventh People's Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai P. R. China

Nanotechnology Centre Centre For Energy and Environmental Technologies VSB–Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava‐Poruba Czech Republic

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China · Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality

References (55)

Show source-provided references
1. 10.1126/science.123275810.1126/science.1232758 ↗
2. 10.1039/c7cs00491e10.1039/c7cs00491e ↗
3. 10.1016/j.bios.2022.11426010.1016/j.bios.2022.114260 ↗
4. 10.1038/s41570‐024‐00576‐410.1038/s41570‐024‐00576‐4 ↗
5. 10.1038/nrg319710.1038/nrg3197 ↗
6. 10.1002/ange.20200382310.1002/ange.202003823 ↗
7. 10.1039/d3cc00740e10.1039/d3cc00740e ↗
8. 10.1039/d4cc03726j10.1039/d4cc03726j ↗
9. 10.1039/d5cc04932f10.1039/d5cc04932f ↗
10. 10.1021/jacs.5b0263910.1021/jacs.5b02639 ↗
11. 10.1016/j.future.2017.12.06610.1016/j.future.2017.12.066 ↗
12. 10.1021/acscentsci.1c0072810.1021/acscentsci.1c00728 ↗
13. 10.1021/acsomega.1c0646410.1021/acsomega.1c06464 ↗
14. 10.1038/s41467‐024‐55527‐w10.1038/s41467‐024‐55527‐w ↗
15. 10.1039/d3cs00396e10.1039/d3cs00396e ↗
16. 10.1039/d2mh00598k10.1039/d2mh00598k ↗
17. 10.1039/d3nr04167k10.1039/d3nr04167k ↗
18. 10.1021/acsami.4c2148810.1021/acsami.4c21488 ↗
19. 10.1021/ja312228410.1021/ja3122284 ↗
20. 10.1039/c9cc04069b10.1039/c9cc04069b ↗
21. 10.1002/advs.20220538310.1002/advs.202205383 ↗
22. 10.1039/d3qi00313b10.1039/d3qi00313b ↗
23. 10.1021/acsami.0c0321910.1021/acsami.0c03219 ↗
24. 10.1021/acsami.2c1153210.1021/acsami.2c11532 ↗
25. 10.1021/acsami.1c2381410.1021/acsami.1c23814 ↗
26. 10.1038/2109210.1038/21092 ↗
27. The Enemy's Masterpiece of Espionage
28. 10.1002/cphc.20170050610.1002/cphc.201700506 ↗
29. 10.1038/ncomms1137410.1038/ncomms11374 ↗
30. 10.1002/ange.20110715610.1002/ange.201107156 ↗
31. 10.1002/ange.20140269810.1002/ange.201402698 ↗
32. 10.1021/jacs.5b0066510.1021/jacs.5b00665 ↗
33. 10.1039/d4va00273c10.1039/d4va00273c ↗
34. 10.1016/j.cej.2023.14235410.1016/j.cej.2023.142354 ↗
35. 10.1021/acsomega.1c0291210.1021/acsomega.1c02912 ↗
36. 10.1016/j.microc.2023.10980310.1016/j.microc.2023.109803 ↗
37. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.13509010.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135090 ↗
38. 10.1007/978-3-031-90613-8_510.1007/978-3-031-90613-8_5 ↗
39. 10.1039/c5sc03570h10.1039/c5sc03570h ↗
40. 10.1038/nbt.380510.1038/nbt.3805 ↗
41. 10.1039/c4cs00342j10.1039/c4cs00342j ↗
42. 10.1016/j.cej.2023.14235410.1016/j.cej.2023.142354 ↗
43. 10.1016/j.bios.2021.11364510.1016/j.bios.2021.113645 ↗
44. 10.1002/smll.20210398310.1002/smll.202103983 ↗
45. 10.1038/nmat140110.1038/nmat1401 ↗
46. 10.1002/bit.2301710.1002/bit.23017 ↗
47. 10.1002/ange.20230787510.1002/ange.202307875 ↗
48. 10.1002/adfm.20230331210.1002/adfm.202303312 ↗
49. 10.1016/j.cej.2025.16004710.1016/j.cej.2025.160047 ↗
50. 10.1080/0161‐11809185497910.1080/0161‐118091854979 ↗
51. 10.2307/191530510.2307/1915305 ↗
52. 10.1080/01611194.2018.155069110.1080/01611194.2018.1550691 ↗
53. 10.1007/978-3-319-90443-610.1007/978-3-319-90443-6 ↗
54. Gortman V. · 2016
55. 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.12.00510.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.12.005 ↗