High‐Current Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on TiO ₂ ‐Decorated PVDF Membrane via Atomic Layer Deposition for Self‐Powered Humidity Sensing

ABSTRACT Developing direct‐current triboelectric nanogenerators (DC‐TENGs) with high output performance and reliable operation in humid environments remains a significant challenge. In this study, we introduce a high‐performance DC‐TENG fabricated by integrating electrospinning, vapor‐phase infiltration (VPI), and atomic layer deposition (ALD) to construct a TiO ₂ ‐modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) porous fiber (PTPF) membrane. The resulting PTPF10‐TENG demonstrates superior electrical performance, generating a peak current of 0.72 mA, an output voltage of 1.79 V, and a maximum power density of 27.3 µW/cm ² , representing a 5.4‐fold improvement over the porous PVDF membrane. Owing to its strong humidity‐responsive behavior, the PTPF10‐TENG also functions as a self‐powered humidity sensor with a linear sensitivity of 0.0134 mA/%RH (R ² = 0.981) in the 40–100% RH range. These findings underscore the versatility of the PTPF membrane as a multifunctional platform that bridges efficient energy conversion and environmental sensing. This strategy offers a promising route toward scalable fabrication of DC‐TENGs tailored for next‐generation wearable electronics and intelligent monitoring systems.