The Journey of Functional Nanoparticles in the Human Hard Tissue Mineralization: Classification, Key Functions, and Future Perspectives

Abstract Mineralization is a universal process of self‐renewal and repair in the human body, occurring in a dynamic and regulated manner. Nanoparticles (NPs) possess high specific surface areas, controllable particle sizes, and versatile functions. The incorporation of NPs into the process of human hard tissue mineralization holds great potential, offering novel solutions for addressing bone and tooth defects. In this review, the process of human hard tissue mineralization from both physicochemical and biomineralization perspectives is examined, and the NPs currently utilized in this field are classified. A detailed overview of their synthesis methods, structures, and recent advancements in multifunctional modifications is provided. Finally, the key functions of NPs in human hard tissue mineralization, highlighting their potential as carriers for the delivery of ions, drugs, and molecules that promote mineralization, are discussed. This review aims to inspire further research in biomimetic mineralization and nanomedicine.