Effect of Hydroxyapatite Nanorods on the Fate of Human Adipose‐Derived Stem Cells Assessed In Situ at the Single Cell Level with a High‐Throughput, Real‐Time Microfluidic Chip

Abstract The fate of stem cells at the single cell level with limited communication with other cells is still unknown due to the lack of an efficient tool for highly accurate molecular detection. Moreover, the conditional sensitivity of biological experiments requires a sufficient number of parallel experiments to support a conclusion. In this work, a microfluidic single cell chip is designed for use with a protein chip to investigate the effect of hydroxyapatite (HAp) on the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose‐derived stem cells (hADSCs) in situ at the single cell level. By successfully detecting secretory proteins in situ, it is found that the HAp nanorods enhance osteogenic differentiation at the single cell level. In the chip, the single cell seeding approach confirms the osteogenic differentiation of the hADSCs, which endocytoses HAp, by reducing the influence of the factors secreted by neighboring differentiating cells. Most importantly, more than 7000 microchambers provide a sufficient number of parallel experiments for statistical analysis, which ensure a high level of repeatability of the HAp nanorod‐induced osteogenic differentiation. The microfluidic chip comprising single cell culture microchambers with in situ detection capability is a promising tool for research on cell behavior or cell fate at the single cell level.