journal article·2025-09Open access

Defective K 2 Ti 8 O 17 Nanorod Supports Enable Stable High‐Current‐Density Acidic Water Electrolysis via Confinement‐Engineered IrO x

Jiaxi Sui, Hao Sun, Fengge Wang, Qiwen Zhang, Shilin Ling, Yali Li, Zhenghan Zhang, Jun Zhong, Xiaoxiao Huang, Bo Zhong, Xiaoyan Luo

Small· Volume 21· Issue 36

Abstract

Abstract This study tackles the dual challenges of sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics and excessive iridium loading in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) via rational catalyst design. Through a rapid synthesis strategy, it is anchored ultrafine IrO x nanoparticles (<3 nm) on K 2 Ti 8 O 17 (KTO), achieving exceptional acidic OER activity with ultra‐low Ir content (10.89 wt.%). The IrO x /KTO‐1 catalyst exhibits 4.4× higher mass activity than IrO 2 in acidic OER. In PEMWE cells, it delivers 3 A cm −2 at 1.79 V (44.0 kWh kg −1 ) and sustains >550 h at 1000 mA cm −2 (H 2 cost: $0.88 kg −1 , 56% below US‐DOE 2026 target). Crucially, it maintains stability for 500 h at 3000 mA cm −2 and strong operational reliability under volatile renewable energy inputs, showcasing its potential for industrial‐scale implementation. In situ Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray analyses, and DFT calculations reveal that interfacial charge redistribution between KTO and sub‐nano IrO x dynamically activates Ir sites during OER, accelerates charge transfer, and reduces the OER reaction barrier. The synergy of size‐controlled active sites and defect‐mediated electronic modulation enables simultaneous high activity, stability, and industrial current density tolerance. This work establishes a paradigm for designing confinement‐stabilized nanocatalysts toward practical green hydrogen production.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion · Advancements in Battery Materials · Advanced battery technologies research

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150006 China

Department of Energy and Environmental Materials Suzhou Laboratory Suzhou 215000 China

State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China

Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China

School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Weihai Weihai 264205 China

Funding

China Postdoctoral Science Foundation · National Natural Science Foundation of China · Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province

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