Carbon Catalysts Empowering Sustainable Chemical Synthesis via Electrochemical CO ₂ Conversion and Two‐Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Abstract Carbon materials hold significant promise in electrocatalysis, particularly in electrochemical CO ₂ reduction reaction (eCO ₂ RR) and two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e ⁻ ORR). The pivotal factor in achieving exceptional overall catalytic performance in carbon catalysts is the strategic design of specific active sites and nanostructures. This work presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments in carbon electrocatalysts for eCO ₂ RR and 2e ⁻ ORR. The creation of active sites through single/dual heteroatom doping, functional group decoration, topological defect, and micro‐nano structuring, along with their synergistic effects, is thoroughly examined. Elaboration on the catalytic mechanisms and structure‐activity relationships of these active sites is provided. In addition to directly serving as electrocatalysts, this review explores the role of carbon matrix as a support in finely adjusting the reactivity of single‐atom molecular catalysts. Finally, the work addresses the challenges and prospects associated with designing and fabricating carbon electrocatalysts, providing valuable insights into the future trajectory of this dynamic field.