journal article·2009-09-22

Graphene Oxide: Structural Analysis and Application as a Highly Transparent Support for Electron Microscopy

Neil R. Wilson, Priyanka A. Pandey, Richard Beanland, Robert J. Young, Ian A. Kinloch, Lei Gong, Zheng Liu, Kazu Suenaga, Jonathan P. Rourke, Stephen J. York, Jeremy Sloan

ACS Nano· Volume 3· Issue 9
Publisher page

Abstract

We report on the structural analysis of graphene oxide (GO) by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electron diffraction shows that on average the underlying carbon lattice maintains the order and lattice-spacings of graphene; a structure that is clearly resolved in 80 kV aberration-corrected atomic resolution TEM images. These results also reveal that single GO sheets are highly electron transparent and stable in the electron beam, and hence ideal support films for the study of nanoparticles and macromolecules by TEM. We demonstrate this through the structural analysis of physiological ferritin, an iron-storage protein.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications · Graphene research and applications · Iron Metabolism and Disorders

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.

School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester M1 7HS, U.K.

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Centre for Advanced Carbon Materials, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan

Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.

References (52)

Show source-provided references
1. Geim A. K. · Nat. Mater. · 2007 · 6 · 18310.1038/nmat1849 ↗
2. Ruoff R. · Nat. Nanotechnol. · 2008 · 3 · 1010.1038/nnano.2007.432 ↗
3. Novoselov K. S. · Science · 2004 · 306 · 66610.1126/science.1102896 ↗
4. Emtsev K. V. · Nat. Mater. · 2009 · 8 · 20310.1038/nmat2382 ↗
5. Kim K. S. · Nature · 2009 · 457 · 70610.1038/nature07719 ↗
6. Gilje S. · Nano Lett. · 2007 · 7 · 339410.1021/nl0717715 ↗
7. Gomez-Navarro C. · Nano Lett. · 2007 · 7 · 349910.1021/nl072090c ↗
8. Jung I. · Nano Lett. · 2008 · 8 · 428310.1021/nl8019938 ↗
9. Rao C. N. R. · J. Mater. Chem. · 2009 · 19 · 245710.1039/b815239j ↗
10. Ramanathan T. · Nat. Nanotechnol. · 2008 · 3 · 32710.1038/nnano.2008.96 ↗
11. Brodie B. C. · Philos. Trans. R. Soc. · 1859 · 149 · 10
12. Mkhoyan K. A. · Nano Lett. · 2009 · 9 · 105810.1021/nl8034256 ↗
13. Wang G. · J. Phys. Chem. C · 2008 · 112 · 819210.1021/jp710931h ↗
14. Paredes J. I. · Langmuir · 2009 · 25 · 595710.1021/la804216z ↗
15. De La Cruz F. A. · Nature · 1962 · 196 · 46810.1038/196468a0 ↗
16. de la Cruz F. A. · Acta Crystallogr. · 1963 · 16 · 53110.1107/S0365110X63001419 ↗
17. Scholz W. · Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. · 1969 · 369 · 32710.1002/zaac.19693690322 ↗
18. Jeong H.-K. · J. Am. Chem. Soc. · 2008 · 130 · 136210.1021/ja076473o ↗
19. Nottbohm C. T. · Ultramicroscopy · 2008 · 108 · 88510.1016/j.ultramic.2008.02.008 ↗
20. Booth T. J. · Nano Lett. · 2008 · 8 · 244210.1021/nl801412y ↗
21. Meyer J. C. · Nature · 2008 · 454 · 31910.1038/nature07094 ↗
22. Meyer J. C. · Appl. Phys. Lett. · 2008 · 92 · 12311010.1063/1.2901147 ↗
23. Meyer J. C. · Nano Lett. · 2008 · 8 · 358210.1021/nl801386m ↗
24. Eda G. · Nat. Nanotechnol. · 2008 · 3 · 27010.1038/nnano.2008.83 ↗
25. Hummers W. S. · J. Am. Chem. Soc. · 1958 · 80 · 133910.1021/ja01539a017 ↗
26. Szabo T. · Chem. Mater. · 2006 · 18 · 274010.1021/cm060258+ ↗
27. Pimenta M. A. · Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. · 2007 · 9 · 127610.1039/B613962K ↗
28. Kudin K. N. · Nano Lett. · 2008 · 8 · 3610.1021/nl071822y ↗
29. The size of the sheets observed by TEM ranged from ∼100 nm across, to sheets larger than 10 μm in both dimensions. This was consistent with AFM and FE-SEM measurements (seeSupporting Information).
30. Meyer J. C. · Solid State Commun. · 2007 · 143 · 10110.1016/j.ssc.2007.02.047 ↗
31. Horiuchi S. · Appl. Phys. Lett. · 2004 · 84 · 240310.1063/1.1689746 ↗
32. Horiuchi S. · Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. · 2003 · 42 · L107310.1143/JJAP.42.L1073 ↗
33. Luo Z. · J. Am. Chem. Soc. · 2009 · 131 · 89810.1021/ja807934n ↗
34. Liu Z. · Phys. Rev. Lett. · 2009 · 102 · 015501−4
35. Warner J. H. · Nano Lett. · 2009 · 9 · 10210.1021/nl8025949 ↗
36. For a two-dimensional material electron diffraction measures the separation between atoms projected into the plane perpendicular to the electron beam. Here the beam is perpendicular to the specimen.
37. Elias D. C. · Science · 2009 · 323 · 61010.1126/science.1167130 ↗
38. Boukhvalov D. W. · J. Am. Chem. Soc. · 2008 · 130 · 1069710.1021/ja8021686 ↗
39. Zobelli A. · Phys. Rev. B · 2007 · 75 · 24540210.1103/PhysRevB.75.245402 ↗
40. Gass M. H. · Nat. Nanotechnol. · 2008 · 3 · 67610.1038/nnano.2008.280 ↗
41. Swift P. · Surf. Interface Anal. · 1982 · 4 · 4710.1002/sia.740040204 ↗
42. Massover W. H. · Micron · 1993 · 24 · 38910.1016/0968-4328(93)90005-L ↗
43. Iijima S. · Micron · 1977 · 8 · 41
44. Quintana C. · J. Struct. Biol. · 2004 · 147 · 16610.1016/j.jsb.2004.03.001 ↗
45. Michel F. M. · Science · 2007 · 316 · 172610.1126/science.1142525 ↗
46. Jansen E. · Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. · 2002 · 74 · s100410.1007/s003390101175 ↗
47. Galvez N. · J. Am. Chem. Soc. · 2008 · 130 · 806210.1021/ja800492z ↗
48. A graphene lattice is simulated rather than GO as the exact structure of GO is not known. The difference in contrast between GO and graphene is negligible when compared to the contrast due to the ferritin.
49. Relative to the trigonalP3̅1cferrihydrite model the nanoparticle is oriented along [001] with respect to the electron beam direction.
50. Ferritin particles are randomly orientated on the GO support, with correspondingly random orientations of the core structure. These particles are presented as they happen to lie orientated along a crystallographic axis.
51. Hernandez Y. · Nat. Nanotechnol. · 2008 · 3 · 56310.1038/nnano.2008.215 ↗
52. Geim A. K. · Sci. Am. · 2008 · 298 · 9010.1038/scientificamerican0408-90 ↗