The Advance of Mechanical–Electric Conversion and Applications of Biomolecule-Based Self-Assemblies

The self-assembly process is crucial and spontaneous in the formation of complex biological structures. The artificial self-assemblies of biomolecules have attracted considerable attention for advancing the understanding of natural processes and for creating smart materials with superior biocompatibility and physical properties. This article reviews the fundamental principles, unique properties, and practical applications of biomolecule-based self-assemblies and provides perspectives on this area. The article introduces the types of self-assembling biomolecular materials, ranging from small molecules such as amino acids and peptides to complex biomolecules. Subsequently, the article elaborates on recent advances in the design, modification, fabrication, and integration of energy conversion devices. We explore their applications in various fields, including smart sensors and energy harvesting, highlighting their significant potential in healthcare, human–machine interaction, and wearable technology.