Micro/Nanomotors for Biomedical Navigation: Driving Mode and Recent Progress

The development of micro- and nanomotors for biomedical applications has attracted significant attention. These micro/nanomotors can harness diverse power sources to facilitate autonomous navigation and perform specific tasks at the micro/nanoscale. The design and applications of each motor type are investigated in this paper through a classification of the driving mechanisms. Furthermore, the fundamental principles and approaches in the design of micro/nanomotors are discussed and summarized. Additionally, an overview of the prevalent utilization of micro/nanomotors in the biomedical field is provided, along with an analysis of how different driving modes affect their functionality. Finally, strategies for enhancing the performance of micro/nanomotors through optimization of both driving modes and structural characteristics are explored.