Injectable Antibacterial Sponges with Rough Directional Channels for Noncompressible Coagulopathy Hemorrhage

Designing injectable sponges with rapid shape recovery and antibacterial function for noncompressible coagulopathy hemorrhage still remains a challenge. Inspired by the phenomenon of river stones trapping debris, we designed a multifunctional chitosan-based sponge (DCDL) with directional channels and rough pore walls through simple directional freezing and immersion techniques. Due to the rough directional pore structure, the sponge can rapidly absorb and concentrate blood, simultaneously promoting the adhesion and activation of red blood cells and platelets. Meanwhile, it presents great water/blood-sucking expansion properties, which is favorable for injection into deep wounds, and exhibits best hemostatic performance in vivo than in commercial gelatin sponges, especially in the noncompressible hemorrhage model of normal/coagulopathy rats. Furthermore, DCDL with antioxidant activity, photothermal antibacterial activity, and cell migration-promoting ability accelerates wound healing in vivo . This facile strategy paves the way for developing sponge hemostats capable of treating noncompressible hemorrhages associated with coagulopathy.