DataVXACS Energy LettersPaper
journal article·2026-03-13

Tuning the Microstructure and Functional Groups of Coal-Derived Hard Carbons by Urea Additives for 165 Wh kg –1 Sodium Ion Pouch Cells

Dengke Zhang, Jun Ma, Jun Sun, Naizhan Wang, Ge Xu, Qi Liu, Yimei Ouyang, Zhaoyu Rong, Xinyu Gao, Yuhan Zhao, Yongqiang Li, Hui Li, Xianghui Meng, Guiming Zhong, Zhangquan Peng, Yongri Liang, Yongfu Tang, Jianyu Huang

ACS Energy Letters· Volume 11· Issue 3
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Source abstract

Abstract

Optimizing the microstructure and functional groups of hard carbon (HC) is critical to enhancing its sodium ion (Na + ) storage performance. Herein, the microstructure and functional groups of HC are modified through the carbonization of urea additives in coal. The as-received HC contains rich electronegative functional groups (pyrrolic-N, pyridinic-N,, oxidized-N, and C═O) with Na + affinity, pseudographitic nanocrystals with short lateral dimension but thick graphitic layers, and closed pores with an average diameter of 2.5 nm that exhibit an “adsorption-intercalation/pore-filling” Na + storage mechanism. The HC half-cell delivers a reversible capacity of 356.0 mAh g –1 at 25 °C and 458.4 mAh g –1 at 60 °C at 0.1C. The full cell with a Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode shows a capacity retention of 91.2% after 2000 cycles at 5C. The 1.2 Ah pouch cell with a NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 cathode exhibits an energy density of 165 Wh kg –1 . This work contributes to our understanding of sodium storage mechanisms and offers guidance for the design of carbon-based anodes for sodium-ion batteries.
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Research context

Energy storageNanomaterials

OpenAlex topics: Advancements in Battery Materials · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies · Fiber-reinforced polymer composites

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering

Xiangtan University

Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology

Yanshan University

Shanghai Guoxuan New Energy Co., Ltd.

State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Shandong ALLGRAND New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.

State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry

Funding

Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province · Taishan Industry Leading Talents · Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province · National Natural Science Foundation of China · Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong Province · Fundamental Research Specialized Program of Higher Education in Hebei Province · Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Xiangtan University · High-Level Talents Research Program of the Yanshan University · Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry after Operation Performance · Hebei One Hundred Talent Program

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