Mechanochemical synthesis of zincite doped with cadmium in various amounts
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract This work investigates the limit of Cd doping in ZnO derived by means of mechanochemical synthesis using CdCl 2 , ZnCl 2 and Na 2 CO 3 as precursors and NaCl as diluent. The prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR ATR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS),N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while photocatalytic efficiency has been evaluated for methylene blue degradation process. Zn for Cd replacement limits in the crystal lattice of ZnO derived via mechanochemical synthesis were found to be only 2%. For Cd present in a larger portion, CdO and CdCO 3 phases appear. Cd doping limits in ZnO were not affected by the milling interval. However, it was observed that Cd doping impairs the nanocrystallinity of ZnO. The morphology and the electronic structure of ZnO and thus photocatalytic activity was inappreciably affected by the Cd doping.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: ZnO doping and properties · Copper-based nanomaterials and applications · Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Marulićev trg 19, 10 000 Zagreb , Croatia
References (34)
Show source-provided references
1. Kołodziejczak-Radzimska, A. and Jesionowski, T.: ‘Zinc Oxide— From Synthesis to Application: A Review’, Materials, 2014, 7, pp. 2833-288110.3390/ma704283310.3390/ma7042833 ↗
2. Ogibene, G., Cristaldi, D. A., Fiorenza, R., Blanco, I., Cicala, G. and Scire, S., Photoactivity of hierarchically nanostructured ZnO-PES fibre mats for water treatments, RSC Advances 2016, 6, pp. 42778-4278510.1039/C6RA06854E10.1039/C6RA06854E ↗
3. Prasad, A. R., Basheer, S. M., Gupta, I. R., Elyas, K. K., Joseph, A., Investigation on Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) binding efficiency and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles, Mat. Chem. Phys. 2020, 240,12211510.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.12211510.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122115 ↗
4. Zhang, D. and Zeng, F.: ‘Visible light-activated cadmium-doped ZnO nanostructured photocatalyst for the treatment of methylene blue dye’, J Mater Sci 2012, 47, pp. 2155–216110.1007/s10853-011-6016-410.1007/s10853-011-6016-4 ↗
5. Janotti, A. and Van de Walle, C.G.: ‘Fundamentals of zinc oxide as a Semiconductor’, Rep. Prog. Phys. 2009, 72 126501, pp. 2910.1088/0034-4885/72/12/12650110.1088/0034-4885/72/12/126501 ↗
6. Zhai, Y. J., Li, J. H., Fang,X., Chen,X. Y, Fang, F., Chu, X. Y., Wei, Z. P. and Wang, X. H.: ‘Preparation of cadmium-doped zinc oxide nanoflowers with enhanced photocatalytic activity’, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 2014, 26, pp. 225–23010.1016/j.mssp.2014.04.02310.1016/j.mssp.2014.04.023 ↗
7. Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, X. and Nakamura, A.: ‘Optical investigation on cadmium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by using a sonochemical method’, Cryst. Eng. Comm.,2012,14, pp. 240–24510.1039/C1CE05733B10.1039/C1CE05733B ↗
8. Yogeeswaran, G.,. Chenthamarakshan, C.R., De Tacconi, N.R., and Rajeshwar, K.: ‘Cadmium- and indium-doped zinc oxide by combustion synthesis using dopant chloride precursors’, J. Mater. Res., 2006, 21, pp. 3234-324110.1557/jmr.2006.039910.1557/jmr.2006.0399 ↗
9. Wang, Y.S., Thomas, P.J., O’Brien, P.: ‘Optical Properties of ZnO Nanocrystals Doped with Cd, Mg, Mn, and Fe Ions’, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110, pp. 21412-2141510.1021/jp065441510.1021/jp0654415 ↗
10. Vijayalakshmi, S., Venkataraj, S. and Jayavel, R.: ‘Characterization of cadmium doped zinc oxide (Cd:ZnO) thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method’, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2008, 41, 245403, 7 p.10.1088/0022-3727/41/24/24540310.1088/0022-3727/41/24/245403 ↗
11. Samuel, T., Esub Basha, S., Yugala, E., Damodara Satish, K., Suresh, J., Indumati Krishnaveni, K., Spandana, K.J.M.S, Sub-barao, D. and Ramachandra Rao, K.: ‘Structural, Optical and Photoluminescence Studies on Cd-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles: Synthesized by Polyol Method’, Int. J. Sci. Res., 2014, 32, pp. 116-118
12. Mohan Kumar, T., Shekharam, T. and Nagabhushanam, M.: ‘Effect of Cadmiumon Structure and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanopowders by Sol-Gel Method’, Mater. Today Proc.,2016, 3, pp. 3621–362510.1016/j.matpr.2016.11.00410.1016/j.matpr.2016.11.004 ↗
13. Yang, H. M., Zhang, X.C., Tang A.D. and Ao,W.Q.: ‘Formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles by mechanochemical reaction’, Materials Science and Technology, 2004, 20, pp. 1493-149510.1179/026708304X391710.1179/026708304X3917 ↗
14. Acharya, A.D., Moghe, S., Panda, R., Shrivastava, S.B., Gangrade, M., Shripathi, T., Phase,D.M. and Ganesan, V.: ’Effect of Cd dopant on electrical and optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis route’, Thin Solid Films, 2012, 525, pp. 49-5510.1016/j.tsf.2012.10.10010.1016/j.tsf.2012.10.100 ↗
15. Xu, C., De, S., Balu,A.M., Ojedad,M. and Luque, R.: ’Mechanochemical synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for catalytic applications’, Chem. Commun., 2015, 51, pp. 6698-671310.1039/C4CC09876E10.1039/C4CC09876E ↗
16. Salvi, S., Lokhande, P., Mujawar, H.: ‘Photodegradation of Rhodamine 6G dye by Cd, Sr doped ZnO Photocatalyst, Synthesized by Mechanochemical Method’, Adv. Intell. Sys. Res., 2017, 137, pp. 48-5310.2991/iccasp-16.2017.8 ↗
17. Vidyasagar, C., Arthoba Naik, Y., Viswanatha, R. and Venkatesh, T.G: ‘Optical Properties of Dye-Sensitized Films Based on Cd-ZnO Nanoparticles’, Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2012, 2, pp. 18-23
18. Holland, T.J.B. and Redfern, S.A.T.: ‘Unit cell refinement from powder diffraction data: the use of regression diagnostics’, Mineral. Mag.,1997, 61, pp. 65-7710.1180/minmag.1997.061.404.0710.1180/minmag.1997.061.404.07 ↗
19. Klug, H.P., Alexander, L.E.: ‘X-Ray Diffraction Procedures’, second ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1974, pp. 687-703
20. Lopez, R. and Gomez, R.: ‘Band–gap energy estimation from diffuse reflectance measurements on sol–gel and commercial TiO2: a comparative study’, J. Sol–Gel Sci. Technol., 2012, 61, pp. 1-710.1007/s10971-011-2582-910.1007/s10971-011-2582-9 ↗
21. Krishnakumar, T., Jayaprakash, R., Prakash, T., Sathyaraj, D., Donato, N., Licoccia, S., Latino, M., Stassi, A. and Neri, G.: ‘CdO-based nanostructures as novel CO2 gas sensors’, Nanotechnology, 2011, 22, 325501, 8p.10.1088/0957-4484/22/32/32550110.1088/0957-4484/22/32/325501 ↗
22. Huang, Z., Thomson, P. and Di,S.: ‘Lattice contractions of a nanoparticle due to the surface tension: A model of elasticity’, J. Phys. Chem. Solids,2007, 68, pp. 530–53510.1016/j.jpcs.2007.01.01610.1016/j.jpcs.2007.01.016 ↗
23. Morris, V.N., Farrell, R.A., Sexton, A.M. and Morris, M.A.: ‘Lattice Constant Dependence on Particle Size for Bulk and Doped Ceria prepared from a Citrate Sol-Gel’, NSTI-Nanotech, 2006, 1, pp. 505-50810.1088/1742-6596/26/1/028 ↗
24. Shannon, R.D.: ‘Revised Effective Ionic Radii and Systematic Studies of Interatomic Distances in Halides and Chaleogenides’, Acta Cryst., 1976, A32, pp. 751-76710.1107/S0567739476001551 ↗
25. El Sayed,A.M., Taha, S., Said, G. and Yakuphanoglu, F.: ‘Controlling the structural and optical properties of nanostructured ZnO thin films by cadmium content’, Superlattices Microstruct., 2014, 65, pp. 35–4710.1016/j.spmi.2013.10.04110.1016/j.spmi.2013.10.041 ↗
26. Erwin, S.C., Zu, L., Haftel, M.I., Efros, A.L., Kennedy, T.A. and Norris,D.J.: ‘Doping semiconductor nanocrystals’, Nature, 2005, 436, pp. 91-9410.1038/nature0383210.1038/nature03832 ↗
27. Pitta Bauermann, L., Bill, J., Aldinger, F.: ‘Bio-friendly Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution at Near-Neutral pH and Low Temperature’, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110, pp. 5182-518510.1021/jp056830m10.1021/jp056830m ↗
28. Rezende, P., Da Silva, J.B. and Mohallem, N.D.S.: ‘Influence of Drying on the Characteristics of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles’, Braz. J. Phys., 2009, 39, pp. 248-25110.1590/S0103-9733200900020002210.1590/S0103-97332009000200022 ↗
29. Liu, Shih, K., Gao, Y., Li, F. and Wei, L.: ‘Dechlorinating transformation of propachlor through nucleophilic substitution by dithionite on the surface of alumina’, J. Soils Sediments, 2012, 12, pp. 724–73310.1007/s11368-012-0506-010.1007/s11368-012-0506-0 ↗
30. Kumar, N. and Srivastava, A.: ‘Faster photoresponse, enhanced photosensitivity and photoluminescence in nanocrystalline ZnO films suitably doped by Cd’, J. Alloys Compd., 2017, 706, pp. 438-44610.1016/j.jallcom.2017.02.24410.1016/j.jallcom.2017.02.244 ↗
31. Anastasiou, A., Lee, M.H.J., Leach, C. and Freer, R.: ‘Ceramic varsitors based on ZnO-SnO2’, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2004, 24, pp. 1171-117510.1016/S0955-2219(03)00472-210.1016/S0955-2219(03)00472-2 ↗
32. Bougrine, A., Addou, M., Kachouane, A., Bernede, J.M. and Morsli, M.: ‘Effect of tin incorporation on physicochemical properties of ZnO films prepared by spray pyrolysis’, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2005, 91, pp. 247-25210.1016/j.matchemphys.2003.11.03310.1016/j.matchemphys.2003.11.033 ↗
33. Jeong, S.H., Park, B.N., Lee, S.B. and Boo, J.H.: ‘Metal-doped ZnO thin films: Synthesis and characterization’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 201, pp. 5318-532210.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.18510.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.185 ↗
34. Sing, K.S.W., Everett, D.H., Haul, R.A.W, Moscou, L., Pieroti, R.A., Rouquerol, J. and Siemieniewska, T.: ‘Reporting physissorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity’, Pure Appl. Chem., 1985, 57, pp. 603-61910.1351/pac198557040603