Processing of Hollow Glass Microspheres (HGM) filled Epoxy Syntactic Foam Composites with improved Structural Characteristics
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this work is to improve the structural characteristics of hollow glass microsphere (HGM) filled epoxy syntactic foam composites with little voids content and improved HGM dispersion in the composite. A modified degassing technique has been introduced during resin casting process of the HGM filled syntactic foam composites. The effect of HGM content volume fractions (5–25%) on the degassing techniques was examined. The syntactic foam composites were characterized by analysing structural morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM), and density measurements (theoretical and experimental). Less than 5% void content has been achieved in this study. This resulted in improved tensile and dynamic mechanical properties (DMA).
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Cellular and Composite Structures · Polymer Foaming and Composites · Polymer composites and self-healing
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Composite Research Group (CRG), Department of Mechanical Engineering , Durban University of Technology . Durban , South Africa
References (41)
Show source-provided references
1. Sankaran, S., et al., Characterization of epoxy syntactic foams by dynamic mechanical analysis. Journal of Materials Science, 2006. 41(13): p. 4041–4046.10.1007/s10853-006-7607-3 ↗
2. Le, V.S., et al., Mechanical properties of geopolymer foam at high temperature. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, 2020. 27(1): p. 129–138.10.1515/secm-2020-0013 ↗
3. Ghamsari, A.K., E. Zegeye, and E. Woldesenbet, Viscoelastic properties of syntactic foam reinforced with short sisal fibers. Journal of Composite Materials, 2013. 49(1): p. 27–34.10.1177/0021998313514258 ↗
4. Panteghini, A. and L. Bardella, On the compressive strength of glass microballoons-based syntactic foams. Mechanics of Materials, 2015. 82: p. 63–77.10.1016/j.mechmat.2014.12.005 ↗
5. Wouterson, E.M., et al., Specific properties and fracture toughness of syntactic foam: Effect of foam microstructures. Composites Science and Technology, 2005. 65(11–12): p. 1840–1850.10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.03.012 ↗
6. Doddamani, M., et al., Compressive and flexural properties of functionally graded fly ash cenosphere-epoxy resin syntactic foams. Polymer Composites, 2015. 36(4): p. 685–693.10.1002/pc.22987 ↗
7. Gogoi, R., et al., Effect of Hollow Glass Microspheres on the Morphology, Rheology and Crystallinity of Short Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composite. Jom, 2018. 71(2): p. 548–558.10.1007/s11837-018-3268-3 ↗
8. Gupta, N., E. Woldesenbet, and P. Mensah, Compression properties of syntactic foams: effect of cenosphere radius ratio and specimen aspect ratio. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2004. 35(1): p. 103–111.10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.08.001 ↗
9. Shutov FA, K.D., Frisch KC, editor, Syntactic polymeric foams. In: Handbook of polymeric foams and foam technology. New York: Hanser Publishers, 1991: p. p. 355–74.
10. Bunn, P. and J. Mottram, Manufacture and compression properties of syntactic foams. Composites, 1993. 24(7): p. 565–571.10.1016/0010-4361(93)90270-I ↗
11. Woldensenbet, E. and N. Sankella, Flexural properties of nanoclay syntactic foam sandwich structures. J Journal of Sandwich Structures Materials & Design, 2009. 11(5): p. 425–444.10.1177/1099636209104095 ↗
12. Gupta, N. and E. Woldesenbet, Characterization of flexural properties of syntactic foam core sandwich composites and effect of density variation. Journal of composite materials, 2005. 39(24): p. 2197–2212.10.1177/0021998305052037 ↗
13. Fine, T., H. Sautereau, and V. Sauvant-Moynot, Innovative processing and mechanical properties of high temperature syntactic foams based on a thermoplastic/thermoset matrix. Journal of materials science, 2003. 38(12): p. 2709–2716.10.1023/A:1024403123013 ↗
14. Mallireddy, N. and K. Siva, Investigation of Microstructural, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of AA7010-TiB2 in-situ Metal Matrix Composite. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, 2020. 27(1): p. 97–107.10.1515/secm-2020-0010 ↗
15. Nityanshu Kumar a, S.M.a., 1, Vinay Khandelwal a, 1, Byravan Arun b, Gaurav Manik, Light-weight high-strength hollow glass microspheres and bamboo fiber based hybrid polypropylene composite: A strength analysis and morphological study Composite Part B:, 2017. 109: p. 9.10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.052 ↗
16. Rupam Gogoi, G.M., Byravan Arun, High specific strength hybrid polypropylene composites using carbon fibre and hollow glass microspheres: Development, characterization and comparison with empirical models. Composite Part B:, 2019. 173.10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.086 ↗
17. Gupta, N. and E. Woldesenbet, Hygrothermal studies on syntactic foams and compressive strength determination. Composite Structures, 2003. 61(4): p. 311–320.10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00060-6 ↗
18. Kim Ho Sung., M.A.K., Fracture and Impact Behaviour of Hollow Microsphere-Epoxy Resin Composites. Composite Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2001. 32: p. 1311–1317.10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00098-7 ↗
19. Chawla, K., Foams, fibers, and composites: Where do we stand? Materials Science Engineering: A, 2012. 557: p. 2–9.10.1016/j.msea.2012.05.105 ↗
20. Yu, W., H. Xue, and M. Qian, Tensile and compressive properties of epoxy syntactic foams reinforced by short glass fiber. Indian Journal of Engineering and material sciences, 2017. 24: p. 283–289.
21. Ren, S., et al., Development of a buoyancy material of hollow glass microspheres/SiO2 for high-temperature application. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017. 721: p. 213–219.10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.002 ↗
22. Geng, H., et al., Fabrication of heat-resistant syntactic foams through binding hollow glass microspheres with phosphate adhesive. Materials & Design, 2016. 95: p. 32–38.10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.108 ↗
23. Sue Rena, b., d, Xin Taod, Xiaohui Mad, Jiachen Liud, Haiyan Dud, Anran Guod, Jun Xub,c,*, Jun Lianga, Shaohua Chena, Jingran Gea,*, Fabrication of fly ash cenospheres-hollow glass microspheres/borosilicate glass composites for high temperature application. Ceramics International, 2018. 44: p. 1147–1155.10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.10.089 ↗
24. Ashida K, A.H.L.E., Syntactic foam; Handbook of plastic foams: types, properties, manufacture and applications,. Noyes Publications, New Jersey, 1995: p. pp. 147–63.
25. Qiao, Y., et al., Investigation of flexural properties of hollow glass microsphere filled resin-matrix composites. Pigment & Resin Technology, 2016. 45(6): p. 426–430.10.1108/PRT-09-2015-0097 ↗
26. Tagliavia, G., M. Porfiri, and N. Gupta, Influence of moisture absorption on flexural properties of syntactic foams. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2012. 43(2): p. 115–123.10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.06.016 ↗
27. Yung, K., et al., Preparation and properties of hollow glass microsphere-filled epoxy-matrix composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2009. 69(2): p. 260–264.10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.014 ↗
28. Gupta, N. and R. Nagorny, Tensile properties of glass microballoon-epoxy resin syntactic foams. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006. 102(2): p. 1254–1261.10.1002/app.23548 ↗
29. Woldesenbet E., N.G., Jadhav, Effects of Density and Strain Rate on Properties of Syntactic Foam. journal of materials science, 2005. 40: p. 4009–4017.10.1007/s10853-005-1910-2 ↗
30. Koopman, M., et al., Microstructural failure modes in three-phase glass syntactic foams. Journal of Materials Science, 2006. 41(13): p. 4009–4014.10.1007/s10853-006-7601-9 ↗
31. Zhu, B., et al., Thermal, dielectric and compressive properties of hollow glass microsphere filled epoxy-matrix composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2012. 31(19): p. 1311–1326.10.1177/0731684412452918 ↗
32. Yu, M., P. Zhu, and Y. Ma, Experimental study and numerical prediction of tensile strength properties and failure modes of hollow spheres filled syntactic foams. Computational Materials Science, 2012. 63: p. 232–243.10.1016/j.commatsci.2012.06.024 ↗
33. Tagliavia, G., M. Porfiri, and N. Gupta, Analysis of flexural properties of hollow-particle filled composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2010. 41(1): p. 86–93.10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.03.004 ↗
34. Colloca, M., N. Gupta, and M. Porfiri, Tensile properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced multiscale syntactic foams. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2013. 44(1): p. 584–591.10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.02.030 ↗
35. Gupta, N., R. Ye, and M. Porfiri, Comparison of tensile and compressive characteristics of vinyl ester/glass microballoon syntactic foams. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2010. 41(3): p. 236–245.10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.07.004 ↗
36. Li, J., X. Luo, and X. Lin, Preparation and characterization of hollow glass microsphere reinforced poly(butylene succinate) composites. Materials & Design, 2013. 46: p. 902–909.10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.054 ↗
37. Liang, J.-Z., Tensile and Flexural Properties of Hollow Glass Bead-filled ABS Composites. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, 2005. 37(4): p. 361–370.10.1177/0095244305054674 ↗
38. Imran, M., A. Rahaman, and S. Pal, Effect of low concentration hollow glass microspheres on mechanical and thermomechanical properties of epoxy composites. Polymer Composites, 2019. 40(9): p. 3493–3499.10.1002/pc.25211 ↗
39. John, B., C.P.R. Nair, and K.N. Ninan, Effect of nanoclay on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of cyanate ester syntactic foams. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2010. 527(21–22): p. 5435–5443.10.1016/j.msea.2010.05.016 ↗
40. Huang, C., et al., Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy syntactic foams reinforced by short carbon fiber. Polymer Composites, 2016. 37(7): p. 1960–1970.10.1002/pc.23374 ↗
41. Hu, G. and D. Yu, Tensile, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of hollow polymer particle-filled epoxy syntactic foam. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2011. 528(15): p. 5177–5183.10.1016/j.msea.2011.03.071 ↗