Mathematical Behavior of Optical Density of γ-Ray Radiography Images of Steel Pipes
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The purpose of this article is to determine the mathematical function of the optical behavior of radiographic films/images produced by gamma-ray radiography of the steel pipes. In order to achieve this goal, we used realistic films for welding tests on the oil and gas pipelines in the operational areas. Eight films were selected in each, three sections including the base metal, weld line, and defects were carefully examined. First, the best film was selected and more than 40 probability functions were fitted on its data. Among the fitted probability functions, 13 functions were selected from a condition of R-sq ≥ 0.95. Eventually, these 13 functions were applied to the data of all available films for a better comparison. Furthermore, a new function was proposed by the authors, which showed that the fitting was based on the results. The new proposed function, fulfilled not only the best R-sq, but also the most flexibility in the case of scattered data.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Infrared Target Detection Methodologies · Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques · Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (25)
Show source-provided references
1. von Ballmoos, P., Focusing Telescopes in Nuclear Astrophysics, Books-A-Million, indie Bound, Springes Shop, Amazon.com, Barners&Noble.com.
2. Cogliati, J.J., Derr, K.W., and Wharton, J., Using CMOS sensors in a cellphone for gamma detection and classification, arXiv:1401.0766v1 (physics.ins-det), January 4, 2014.
3. Hayward, P. and Currie, D., Radiography of welds using selenium-75, Ir-192 and X-rays, in Asia Pac. Conf. NDT, Auckland, New Zealand, November 5–10, 2006.
4. Manual on Gamma Radiography, Vienna: IAEA, 1996, IAEA-PRSM-1 (Rev.1).
5. Inamdar, S. and Bovolo, F., Multidimensional probability density function matching for preprocessing of multitemporal remote sensing images, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2008, vol. 46, no. 4.10.1109/TGRS.2007.912445 ↗
6. Srivastava, A. et al., On Advances in Statistical Modeling of Natural Images, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publ., 2002.
7. Lavalle, S.M., Moroney, K.J., and Hutchinson, S.A., Methods for numerical integration of high-dimensional posterior densities with application to statistical image models, IEEE Trans. Image Process., 1997, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1659–1672.10.1109/83.650119 ↗
8. Nacereddine, N., Hamami, L., and Ziou, D., Statistical tools for weld defect evaluation in radiographic testing, ECNDT 2006 - Mo.2.4.4, 2006, pp. 1–21.
9. C. Heinemann, Estimation and regularization of probability density functions in image processing, Diplom – Mathematiker, 2014.
10. Discriminant feature extraction using empirical probability desity estimation and a local basis library, J. Pattern Recognit., 2002, vol. 35, pp. 2841–2852.10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00019-5 ↗
11. Sasanpour, M.T. and Taheri, A., Determination of probabilistic distribution function of background and defect optical densities for X-ray radiography images of a steel plate, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2016, vol. 35, p. 61.10.1007/s10921-016-0377-1 ↗
12. ASTM Standard E94. Standard guide for radiographic examination, ASTM Int., 2010.
13. ASTM Standard E746. Standard test method for determining relative image quality response of industrial radiographic film systems, ASTM Int., 2007.
14. ASTM Standard E999. Standard guide for controlling the quality of industrial radiographic film processing, ASTM Int., 2010.
15. ASTM Standard E1032. Standard test method for radiographic examination of weldments, ASTM Int., 2006.
16. ASTM Standard E1079. Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers, ASTM Int., 2017.
17. ASTM Standard E1390. Standard guide for illuminators used for viewing industrial radiographs, ASTM Int., 2017.
18. ASTM Standard E1742. standard practice for radiographic examination, ASTM Int., 2011.
19. ASTM Standard E1815. standard test method for classification of film systems for industrial radiography, ASTM Int., 2008.
20. ASME BPVC Section V: Nondestructive Examination: Article 2 Radiographic Examination, 2015.
21. API Standard 1104. Welding of pipelines and related facilities: 11.1 Radiographic test methods, API Int., 2013.
22. ISO 17636-1: Non-destructive test of welds—Radiographic testing—Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film, 2013.
23. ISO 17636-2: Non-destructive test of welds—Radiographic testing—Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors, 2013.
24. EN 462-1: Non-destructive testing—Image quality of radiographs—Part 1: image quality indicators (wire type)—Determination of image quality value, 2005.
25. EN 12681: Founding—Radiographic examination, January 2003.