Reducing Dead Zone in Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD): A Review
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique is a means of defect detection adopting the diffracted longitudinal waves from flaw tips. However, the dead zone is induced by the coupling between tip-diffracted longitudinal wave and lateral wave or longitudinal back-wall wave. In this paper, the methods for reducing dead zone are reviewed from parameter optimization, alternative TOFD techniques and signal processing techniques. The principles, effects and influencing factors of different methods are analyzed and compared in sequence. Finally, the future challenges focus on the multiple overlapped signals (N ≥ 3) from shallow subsurface defects in thin plates and the change of dead zone induced by irregular structure.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Geophysical Methods and Applications · Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation · Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Borovkov, A.I., Prokhorovich, V.E., Bychenok, V.A., Berkutov, I.V., and Alifanova, I.E., Ultrasonic inspection technique for welded joints obtained by spot friction stir welding, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2023, vol. 59, no.2, pp. 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092370026210.1134/S1061830923700262 ↗
2. Li, J.H., Wang, S.F., Mao, X., Liu, W.J., Wang, H.L., and Zhou, S.R., Accelerating algorithm for total focusing method imaging based on optimization of full matrix data, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2023, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092260064210.1134/S1061830922600642 ↗
3. Liu, Z.P., Zhang, Z.W., Lyu, D., Zhou, Y.L., and Hu, H.W., Ultrasonic phased array total focusing method of imaging with Rayleigh waves based on principal component analysis, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2023, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092260111810.1134/S1061830922601118 ↗
4. Shi, S.Q., Lin, L., Luo, Z.B., Sun, X., and Jin, S.J., Resolution enhancement of ultrasonic imaging at oblique incidence by using WTFM based on FMC-AR, Measurement, 2021, vol. 183, p. 109798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.10979810.1016/j.measurement.2021.109798 ↗
5. Luo, Z.B., Wang, H., Zhang, S., Li, F.Z., and Jin, S.J., A phased array ultrasonic-based enhanced strategy of critically refracted longitudinal (LCR) wave technique, NDT & E Int., 2022, vol. 133, p. 102765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2022.10276510.1016/j.ndteint.2022.102765 ↗
6. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, V.A., Kalimullin, R.I., Migachev, S.A., Petrushenko, Y.Y., and Khasanov, A.A., Laser acoustic method for the inspection of flaws in metals and the metallized coatings of dielectrics, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2011, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 118–121. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183091102006910.1134/S1061830911020069 ↗
7. Zhang, J., Niu, X.D., Croxford, A.J., and Drinkwater, B.W., Pipe inspection using guided acoustic wave sensors integrated with mobile robots, NDT & E Int., 2023, vol. 139, p. 102929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2023.1029210.1016/j.ndteint.2023.10292 ↗
8. Bai, L., Le Bourdais, F., Miorelli, R., Calmon, P., Velichko, A., and Drinkwater, B.W., Ultrasonic defect characterization using the scattering matrix: a performance comparison study of Bayesian inversion and machine learning schemas, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, 2021, vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 3143–3155. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2021.308479810.1109/TUFFC.2021.3084798 ↗
9. Silk, M.G., and Lidington, B.H., The potential of scattered or diffracted ultrasound in the determination of crack depth, Non-Destr. Test., 1975, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-1021(75)90024-910.1016/0029-1021(75)90024-9 ↗
10. Silk, M.G., The transfer of ultrasonic energy in the diffraction technique for crack sizing, Ultrasonics, 1979, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-624X(79)90067-210.1016/0041-624X(79)90067-2 ↗
11. Felice, M.V., and Fan, Z., Sizing of flaws using ultrasonic bulk wave testing: A review, Ultrasonics, 2018, vol. 88, pp. 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2018.03.00310.1016/j.ultras.2018.03.003 ↗
12. Ogilvy, J.A., and Temple, J.A.G., Diffraction of elastic waves by cracks: Application to time-of-flight inspection, Ultrasonics, 1983, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-624X(83)90058-610.1016/0041-624X(83)90058-6 ↗
13. Habibpour-Ledari, A., and Honarvar, F., Three dimensional characterization of defects by ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2018, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0465-510.1007/s10921-018-0465-5 ↗
14. Baby, S., Balasubramanian, T., Pardikar, R.J., Palaniappan, M., and Subbaratnam, R., Time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique for accurate sizing of surface-breaking cracks, Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit., 2003, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 426–430. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.45.6.426.5288510.1784/insi.45.6.426.52885 ↗
15. Baby, S., Balasubramanian, T., Pardikar, R.J., Palaniappan, M., and Subbaratnam, R., Time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique for accurate sizing of cracks embedded in sub-cladding, Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit., 2003, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 600–604. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.45.9.600.5293210.1784/insi.45.9.600.52932 ↗
16. Aleshin, N.P., Mogil’Ner, L.Y., Shchipakov, N.A., Kusyi, A.G., Tishkin, V.V., and Degtyarev, M.N., On use of slots in modelling cracks in ultrasonic testing, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2022, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092202003610.1134/S1061830922020036 ↗
17. BS 7706-1993. Guide to calibration and setting-up of the ultrasonic time of flight diffraction (TOFD) technique for defect detection, location and sizing of flaws, 1993.
18. ENV 583-6-2000. Non-destructive testing—ultrasonic examination—Part 6: Time-of-flight diffraction technique as a method for defect detection and sizing, 2000.
19. CEN/TS 14751-2004. Welding—use of time-of-flight diffraction technique (TOFD) for examination of welds, 2004.
20. ASTM e2373-2004. Standard practice for use of the ultrasonic time of flight diffraction (TOFD) technique, 2004.
21. Nishikawa, A., Nagahama, N., Umeda, K., Sakai, T., and Oya, S.I., Industrial applications of ultrasonic time-of-flight-diffraction (TOFD) techniques for various field targets, Weld. World, 2005, vol. 49, no. 9–10, pp. 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0326649110.1007/BF03266491 ↗
22. Cherfaoui, M., Innovative techniques in non-destructive testing and industrial applications on pressure equipment, Procedia Eng., 2012, vol. 46, pp. 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.47210.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.472 ↗
23. Prager, J., Kitze, J., Acheroy, C., Brackrock, D., Brekow, G., and Kreutzbruck, M., SAFT and TOFD - A comparative study of two defect sizing techniques on a reactor pressure vessel mock-up, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2013, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-012-0153-910.1007/s10921-012-0153-9 ↗
24. Bagheri, P., Sodagar, S., Rashed, G., and Yaghootian, A., A novel method for ultrasonic evaluation of horizontal defects using time-of-flight diffraction, Iran. J. Oil Gas Sci. Technol., 2014, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 16–25.
25. Bazulin, E.G., Vopilkin, A.K., and Tikhonov, D.S., Determining the coordinates of reflectors in a plane perpendicular to welded joint using echo signals measured by transducers in the TOFD scheme, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2021, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 437–445. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092106005X10.1134/S106183092106005X ↗
26. Duan, J.X., Luo, L., Gao, X.R., Peng, J.P., and Li, J.L., Multiframe ultrasonic TOFD weld inspection imaging based on wavelet transform and image registration, J. Sensors, 2018, vol. 2018, p. 9545832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/954583210.1155/2018/9545832 ↗
27. Praveen, A., Vijayarekha, K., Abraham, S.T., and Venkatraman, B., Signal quality enhancement using higher order wavelets for ultrasonic TOFD signals from austenitic stainless steel welds, Ultrasonics, 2013, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 1288–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2013.03.01310.1016/j.ultras.2013.03.013 ↗
28. Hosseini, S.H., and Honarvar, F., A numerical model for ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) testing of austenitic welds, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2023, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 182–203. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092360003X10.1134/S106183092360003X ↗
29. Lalithakumari, S., and Pandian, R., Discrete wavelet transform based denoising of TOFD signals of austenitic stainless steel weld at elevated temperature, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2019, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183091905007310.1134/S1061830919050073 ↗
30. Murugaiyan, R., Time of flight diffraction (TOFD), an advanced non-destructive testing technique for inspection of welds for heavy walled pressure vessels, 16th World Conf. NonDestr. Test. (Montreal, 2004).
31. Moles, M., Robertson, L., and Sinclair, T., Developments in time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD), 18th World Conf. Nondestr. Test. (Durban, 2012).
32. Gao, F., Zhou, H., and Huang, C., Defect detection using the phased-array laser ultrasonic crack diffraction enhancement method, Opt. Commun., 2020, vol. 474, p. 126070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.12607010.1016/j.optcom.2020.126070 ↗
33. Markov, A.A., and Mosyagin, V.V., Evaluation of the size and type of flaws in a railhead, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2018, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183091802004310.1134/S1061830918020043 ↗
34. Subbaratnam, R., Abraham, S.T., Venkatraman, B., and Raj, B., Immersion and TOFD (I-TOFD): A novel combination for examination of lower thicknesses, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2011, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-011-0101-010.1007/s10921-011-0101-0 ↗
35. Jin, S.J., Sun, X., Ma, T.T., Ding, N., Lei, M.K., and Lin, L., Quantitative detection of shallow subsurface defects by using mode-converted waves in time-of-flight diffraction technique, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2020, vol. 39, no. 2, p. 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-020-00676-310.1007/s10921-020-00676-3 ↗
36. Chen, J., Wu, E.Y., Wu, H.T., Zhou, H.M., and Yang, K.J., Enhancing ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction measurement through an adaptive deconvolution method, Ultrasonics, 2019, vol. 96, pp. 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2019.01.00910.1016/j.ultras.2019.01.009 ↗
37. Manjula, K., Vijayarekha, K., Venkatraman, B., and Karthik, D., Ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique for weld defects: A review, J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Tech., 2012, vol. 4, no. 24, pp. 5525–5533.
38. Spies, M., Rieder, H., Dillhöfer, A., Schmitz, V., and Müller, W., Synthetic aperture focusing and time-of-flight diffraction ultrasonic imaging-past and present, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2012, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 310–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-012-0150-z10.1007/s10921-012-0150-z ↗
39. Ginzel, E., Honarvar, F., and Yaghootian, A., A study of time-of-flight diffraction technique using photoelastic visualisation, 2nd Int. Conf. Tech. Inspect. Nondestr. Test. (Tehran, 2008).
40. Baskaran, G., Rao, C.L., and Balasubramaniam, K., Simulation of the TOFD technique using the finite element method, Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit., 2007, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 641–646. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2007.49.11.64110.1784/insi.2007.49.11.641 ↗
41. Mayworm, R.C., Alvarenga, A.V., and Costa-Felix, R.P.B., A metrological approach to the time of flight diffraction method (TOFD), Measurement, 2021, vol. 167, p. 108298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.10829810.1016/j.measurement.2020.108298 ↗
42. Cong, S., Zhang, W.W., Zhang, J.Y., and Gang, T., Analysis on ultrasonic TOFD imaging testing for ultra-thick-walled EBW joint of aluminum alloy, Procedia Eng., 2017, vol. 207, pp. 1916–1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.96010.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.960 ↗
43. Yeh, F.W.T., Lukomski, T., Haag, J., Clarke, T., Stepinski, T., and Strohaecker, T.R., An alternative ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) method, NDT & E Int., 2018, vol. 100, pp. 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2018.08.00810.1016/j.ndteint.2018.08.008 ↗
44. Haslinger, S.G., Lowe, M.J., Wang, Z.J., and Shi, F., Time of flight diffraction for rough planar defects, NDT & E Int., 2021, vol. 124, p. 102521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.10252110.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102521 ↗
45. Baskaran, G., Balasubramaniam, K., Krishnamurthy, C.V., Lakshmana, and Rao, C., TOFD imaging: Ultrasonic TOFD flaw sizing and imaging in thin plates using embedded signal identification technique (ESIT), Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit., 2004, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 537–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.10252110.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102521 ↗
46. Chi, D.Z., and Gang, T., Shallow buried defect testing method based on ultrasonic TOFD, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2013, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-012-0169-110.1007/s10921-012-0169-1 ↗
47. Jin, S.J., Liu, C.F., Shi, S.Q., Lin, L., and Luo, Z.B., Profile reconstruction and quantitative detection of planar defects with composite-mode total focusing method (CTFM), NDT & E Int., 2021, vol. 123, p. 102518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.10251810.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102518 ↗
48. Jin, S.J., Di, C.J., Su, J.K., Shi, S.Q., and Luo, Z.B., Profile reconstruction of irregular planar defects by mirrored composite-mode total focusing method, NDT & E Int., 2024, vol. 141, p. 102979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2023.10297910.1016/j.ndteint.2023.102979 ↗
49. Bevan, R.L., Budyn, N., Zhang, J., Croxford, A.J., Kitazawa, S., and Wilcox, P.D., Data fusion of multiview ultrasonic imaging for characterization of large defects, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, 2020, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 2387–2401. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2020.300498210.1109/TUFFC.2020.3004982 ↗
50. Zhang, J., Drinkwater, B.W., Wilcox, P.D., and Hunter, A.J., Defect detection using ultrasonic arrays: The multi-mode total focusing method, NDT & E Int., 2010, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2009.10.00110.1016/j.ndteint.2009.10.001 ↗
51. Chen, H., Zuo, M.J., Wang, X., and Hoseini, M.R., An adaptive Morlet wavelet filter for time-of-flight estimation in ultrasonic damage assessment, Measurement, 2010, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 570–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2010.01.00110.1016/j.measurement.2010.01.001 ↗
52. Ido, N., Hatanaka, H., Arakawa, T., Katou, K., and Furuta, H., Examination of flaw detection near the surface by the ultrasonic TOFD method, Key Eng. Mater., 2004, vols. 270–273, pp. 378–383. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.270-273.37810.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.270-273.378 ↗
53. Baskaran, G., Balasubramaniam, K., and Rao, C.L., Shear-wave time of flight diffraction (S-TOFD) technique, NDT & E Int., 2006, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2006.01.00310.1016/j.ndteint.2006.01.003 ↗
54. Baskaran, G., Balasubramaniam, K., and Krishnamurthy, C.V., Inspection using shear wave time of flight diffraction (S-TOFD) technique, Rev. Prog. Quant. Nondestr. Eval., 2006, vol. 820, no. 1, pp. 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.218451610.1063/1.2184516 ↗
55. Jin, S.J., Wang, Z.C., Yang, Y.N., and Luo, Z.B., Corrected mode-converted wave method for detecting the defects in TOFD dead zone, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2023, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-023-00975-510.1007/s10921-023-00975-5 ↗
56. Jin, S.J., Wang, Z.C., Tian, X., Sun, X., and Lin, L., TOFD detection of bottom defects in aluminum alloy plate by half-skip mode wave, Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin., 2023, vol. 44, no. 4, p. 426674.
57. Honarvar, F., Sheikhzadeh, H., Moles, M., and Sinclair, A.N., Improving the time-resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of ultrasonic NDE signals, Ultrasonics, 2004, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2003.09.00410.1016/j.ultras.2003.09.004 ↗
58. Mirahmadi, S.J., and Honarvar, F., Application of signal processing techniques to ultrasonic testing of plates by S0 Lamb wave mode, NDT & E Int., 2011, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2010.10.00410.1016/j.ndteint.2010.10.004 ↗
59. Shakibi, B., Honarvar, F., Moles, M.D.C., Caldwell, J., and Sinclair, A.N., Resolution enhancement of ultrasonic defect signals for crack sizing, NDT & E Int., 2012, vol. 52, pp. 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2012.08.00310.1016/j.ndteint.2012.08.003 ↗
60. Sun, X., Jin, S.J., Zhang, D.H., Liu, L.L., Yang, H.M., and Lin, L., Suppression of dead zone in TOFD with autoregressive spectral extrapolation, J. Mech. Eng., 2018, vol. 54, no. 22, pp. 15–20. https://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2018.22.01510.3901/JME.2018.22.015 ↗
61. Gang, T., Sheng, Z.Y., and Tian, W.L., Time resolution improvement of ultrasonic TOFD testing by pulse compression technique, Insight Non-Destruct. Test. Cond. Monit., 2012, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2012.54.4.19310.1784/insi.2012.54.4.193 ↗
62. Cong, S., Gang, T., Zhang, J.Y., and Sheng, C.Y., Parameter design of linear frequency modulated excitation waveform for ultrasonic nondestructive testing of metallic materials, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2014, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 684–693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-014-0263-710.1007/s10921-014-0263-7 ↗
63. Cong, S., Gang, T., and Zhang, J.Y., Ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction testing with linear frequency modulated excitation for austenitic stainless steel welds, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2015, vol. 34, no. 2, p. 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-015-0281-010.1007/s10921-015-0281-0 ↗
64. Chen, T.L., Que, P.W., Zhang, Q., and Liu, Q.K., Ultrasonic signal identification by empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transform, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2005, vol. 76, no. 8, p. 85109. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.200636710.1063/1.2006367 ↗
65. Chen, T.L., Que, P.W., Zhang, O., and Liu, Q.K., Ultrasonic nondestructive testing accurate sizing and locating technique based on time-of-flight-diffraction method, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2005, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11181-006-0006-710.1007/s11181-006-0006-7 ↗
66. Al-Ataby, A., Al-Nuaimy, W., Brett, C.R., and Zahran, O., Automatic detection and classification of weld flaws in TOFD data using wavelet transform and support vector machines, Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit., 2010, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 597–602. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2010.52.11.59710.1784/insi.2010.52.11.597 ↗
67. Fortineau, J.P., Vander Meulen, F., Fortineau, J., and Feuillard, G., Efficient algorithm for discrimination of overlapping ultrasonic echoes, Ultrasonics, 2017, vol. 73, pp. 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2016.09.01010.1016/j.ultras.2016.09.010 ↗
68. Bar-Zion, A., Solomon, O., Tremblay-Darveau, C., Adam, D., and Eldar, Y.C., SUSHI: Sparsity-based ultrasound super-resolution hemodynamic imaging, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, 2018, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 2365–2380. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2018.287338010.1109/TUFFC.2018.2873380 ↗
69. Sun, X., Lin, L., and Jin, S.J., Resolution enhancement in ultrasonic TOFD imaging by combining sparse deconvolution and synthetic aperture focusing technique (sparse-SAFT), Chin. J. Mech. Eng., 2022, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00768-310.1186/s10033-022-00768-3 ↗
70. Puryear, C.I. and Castagna, J.P., Layer-thickness determination and stratigraphic interpretation using spectral inversion: Theory and application, Geophysics, 2008, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. R37–48. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.283827410.1190/1.2838274 ↗
71. Huang, Z.L., and Zhang, J.Z., Determination of parameters of subsurface layers using GPR spectral inversion method, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2014, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 7527–7533. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2014.231360310.1109/TGRS.2014.2313603 ↗
72. Li, X., Li, X.B., Liang, W., and Chen, L., ℓ0-norm regularized minimum entropy deconvolution for ultrasonic NDT & E, NDT & E Int., 2012, vol. 47, pp. 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.12.00510.1016/j.ndteint.2011.12.005 ↗
73. Walden, A.T., Non-Gaussian reflectivity, entropy, and deconvolution, Geophysics, 1985, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 2862–2888. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.144190510.1190/1.1441905 ↗
74. Sun, X., Lin, L., Ma, Z.Y., and Jin, S.J., Enhancement of time resolution in ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction technique with frequency domain sparsity- decomposability inversion (FDSDI) method, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, 2021, vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 3204–3215. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2021.308775410.1109/TUFFC.2021.3087754 ↗
75. Lin, N.C., and Yang, X.X., A new defect detection method of ultrasonic TOFD image for lateral waves suppression, Adv. Mater. Res., 2012, vol. 550-553, pp. 3380–3383. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.550-553.338010.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.550-553.3380 ↗
76. Petcher, P.A., and Dixon, S., A modified Hough transform for removal of direct and reflected surface waves from B-scans, NDT & E Int., 2011, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2010.11.00410.1016/j.ndteint.2010.11.004 ↗
77. Palmer, S.B., Dixon, S., and Petcher, P.A., Obtaining more information from time-of-flight-diffraction measurements, SPIE Smart Struct. Mater. Nondestr. Eval. Health Monit. (San Diego, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.91360510.1117/12.913605 ↗
78. Yacef, N., Bouden, T., and Grimes, M., Accurate ultrasonic measurement technique for crack sizing using envelope detection and differential evolution, NDT & E Int., 2019, vol. 102, pp. 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2018.11.01810.1016/j.ndteint.2018.11.018 ↗
79. Zhou, H.M., Li, P.Y., Wu, L.F., and Gao, Q.K., A wavelet analysis-based matching pursuit algorithm for an accurate ultrasonic TOFD measurement, Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit., 2020, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 662–667. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2020.62.11.66210.1784/insi.2020.62.11.662 ↗
80. Bazulin, E.G., TOFD echo signal processing to achieve superresolution, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2021, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 352–360. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092105005310.1134/S1061830921050053 ↗
81. Sun, X., Lin, L., and Jin, S.J., Improving time resolution of ultrasonic signals with frequency-domain sparse blind deconvolution (FSBD) method, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2022, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-022-00869-y10.1007/s10921-022-00869-y ↗
82. Liu, Q., Wang, Y.M., Ye, B.R., and Ding, M., Recognition confidence of welding seam defects in TOFD images based on artificial intelligence, Autom. Control Comput. Sci., 2022, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 180–188. https://doi.org/10.3103/S014641162202007910.3103/S0146411622020079 ↗
83. Chen, S.H., Teng, X., Sang, X.X., Zhang, H.D., and Zhuang, J.Z., Automatic recognition of welding seam defects in TOFD images based on Tensorflow, Auto, Control Comput. Sci., 2022, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 58–66. https://doi.org/10.3103/S014641162201003510.3103/S0146411622010035 ↗
84. Silva, L.C., Simas, Filho, E.F., Albuquerque, M.C.S., Silva, I.C., and Farias, C.T.T., Segmented analysis of time-of-flight diffraction ultrasound for flaw detection in welded steel plates using extreme learning machines, Ultrasonics, 2019, vol. 102, p. 106057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2019.10605710.1016/j.ultras.2019.106057 ↗
85. Zhi, Z.L., Jiang, H.Q., Yang, D.Y., Gao, J.M., Wang, Q.S., Wang, X.Q., Wang, J.R., and Wu, Y.X., An end-to-end welding defect detection approach based on titanium alloy time-of-flight diffraction images, J. Intell. Manuf., 2023, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1895–1909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-021-01905-w10.1007/s10845-021-01905-w ↗
86. Carvalho, A.A., Rebello, J.M.A., Souza, M.P.V., Sagrilo, L.V.S., and Soares, S.D., Reliability of non-destructive test techniques in the inspection of pipelines used in the oil industry, Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping, 2008, vol. 85, no. 11, pp. 745–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2008.05.00110.1016/j.ijpvp.2008.05.001 ↗
87. Ma, T.T., Lin, L., Zhang, D.H., Yan, Y., and Jin, S.J., Accurate quantification of inclined cracks in thick-walled pipes based on TOFD circumferential scanning, Chin. J. Sci. Instrum., 2019, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 23–29.
88. Aleshin, N.P., Mogilner, L.Y., Krysko, N.V., and Kusyy, A.G., Studying applicability of TOFD technique to inspection of welded joints in polyethylene pipes, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2020, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 775–783. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092010002210.1134/S1061830920100022 ↗
89. Hu, Y.H., Lu, L.L., and Zhan, S.F., Simulation and reliability evaluation of automated ultrasonic testing technology in semi-automatic welding of oil and gas pipelines, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2023, vol. 124, nos. 11–12, pp. 4131–4141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09202-310.1007/s00170-022-09202-3 ↗
90. Mogil’ner, L.Y. and Smorodinskii, Y.G., Ultrasonic flaw detection: Adjustment and calibration of equipment using samples with cylindrical drilling, Russ. J. Nondestr. Test., 2018, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 630–637. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183091809005X10.1134/S106183091809005X ↗
91. Nath, S.K., Balasubramaniam, K., Krishnamurthy, C.V., and Narayana, B.H., Sizing of surface-breaking cracks in complex geometry components by ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique, Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit., 2007, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2007.49.4.20010.1784/insi.2007.49.4.200 ↗
92. Nath, S.K., Balasubramaniam, K., Krishnamurthy, C.V., and Narayana, B.H., Reliability assessment of manual ultrasonic time of flight diffraction (TOFD) inspection for complex geometry components, NDT & E Int., 2010, vol. 43. no. 2, pp. 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2009.10.00710.1016/j.ndteint.2009.10.007 ↗
93. Kurokawa, Y., Kawaguchi, T., and Inoue, H., Time-of-flight diffraction method for joint with linear misalignment, Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit., 2021, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 654–658. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2021.63.11.65410.1784/insi.2021.63.11.654 ↗
94. Ferrand, A., Darmon, M., Chatillon, S., and Deschamps, M., Modeling of ray paths of head waves on irregular interfaces in TOFD inspection for NDE, Ultrasonics, 2014, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1851–1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2013.12.00710.1016/j.ultras.2013.12.007 ↗
95. Nath, S.K., Balasubramaniam, K., Krishnamurthy, C.V., and Narayana, B.H., Detection and sizing of defects in complex geometry weld by manual ultrasonic time of flight diffraction inspection, ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 2009, vol. 131, no. 5, p. 51501. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.314143610.1115/1.3141436 ↗
96. Nath, S.K., Estimates of probability of detection and sizing of flaws in ultrasonic time of flight diffraction inspections for complex geometry components with grooved surfaces, ASME J. Nondestr. Eval., 2021, vol. 4 no. 2, p. 21003. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.404838110.1115/1.4048381 ↗
97. Jin, S.J., Zhang, B., Sun, X., and Lin, L., Reduction of layered dead zone in time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) for pipeline with spectrum analysis method, J. Nondestr. Eval., 2021, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-021-00781-x10.1007/s10921-021-00781-x ↗
98. Jin, S.J., Sun, X., Luo, Z.B., Ma, T.T., and Lin, L., Quantitative detection of shallow subsurface cracks in pipeline with time-of-flight diffraction technique, NDT & E Int., 2021, vol. 118, p. 102397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.10239710.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102397 ↗
99. Jin, S.J., Zhang, B., Sun, X., Wang, Z.C., and Lin, L., Ultrasonic testing of defects in pipeline based on image characteristics of TOFD circumferential scan, J. Mech. Eng., 2023, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 18–24.10.3901/JME.2023.04.018 ↗
100. Jin, S.J., Zhang, B., Wang, Z.C., Sun, X., and Lin, L., Reducing dead zone for TOFD circumferential scan of pipeline by the adaptive deconvolution method, Chin. J. Sci. Instrum., 2022, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 227–234.