Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for Metal–CO₂ Batteries and CO₂ Electrolysis

Heterogeneous electrocatalysis is one of the most promising ways to advance the development of metal–CO 2 batteries and CO 2 electrolysis technologies. Although both research areas rely upon efficient electrochemical reduction of CO 2, to date the respective research has been largely carried out independently. This Focus Review introduces the latest innovative design strategies toward heterogeneous electrocatalysts applied for both metal–CO 2 batteries and CO 2 electrolysis. The structural design of various categories of catalysts, their synthesis methods, and electrocatalytic reactions are discussed in detail. The review also presents a discussion of the fundamental reaction mechanisms active for both applications. Finally, we will reflect on the challenges and new opportunities for each category of electrocatalysts. We hope to provide researchers a more comprehensive understanding of the design of high-performing electrocatalysts to advance both metal–CO 2 batteries and CO 2 electrolysis technologies.