Biochemical and mineral profile of various parts of fruits Styrian oil squash ( Cucurbita pepo styriaca group) determined during ripening phases
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The natural mutant Cucurbita pepo Styriaca Group originates from Styria (Austria), known for its hull-less seeds and dark green pumpkin oil with a roasted nut flavour. Seeds and fruit tissues, such as mesocarp, endocarp, exocarp are notable for their nutritional and bioactive compounds, with potential applications in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Our research focused on these components throughout five distinct ripening stages over two consecutive years 2020–2021, examining the dynamics of proteins, amino acids, lipids, minerals, and heavy metals. Protein content varied significantly, the highest in the mesocarp and the lowest in the seeds. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid dominated the amino acid profile, while essential amino acids were most abundant in seeds, with leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, valine, and isoleucine reaching notable concentrations. Mineral composition shifted during maturation: potassium and phosphorus declined, calcium increased, and elements such as magnesium, copper, and zinc rose in later stages. Heavy metals remained within safe limits across all phases. Biochemical and mineral profiles vary significantly between tissue types and between maturation stages. Our findings highlight young, unripe fruits as a valuable source of proteins and lipids, with the largely neglected endocarp emerging as a promising raw material for diverse applications. Harnessing these underutilized components could open new avenues in the agri-food sector, animal nutrition, and the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, aligning with global trends and local opportunities.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advances in Cucurbitaceae Research · Food Chemistry and Fat Analysis · Nuts composition and effects
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 , Nitra , Slovakia
Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 , Nitra , Slovakia
M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Sadovo-Botanichna 1, 01014 , Kyiv , Ukraine
I nstitute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra , Slovaki
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology , University of Tennessee , 37996 , Knoxville , TN , USA
Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Sciences , 94976 , Nitra , Slovakia
Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Food Incubator, AgroBioTech Research Centre , 94901 , Nitra , Slovakia
Faculty of Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University , Kraków , Poland
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Buchter-Weisbrodt, H. Genuss - frucht - kürbis: kreativ und kulinarisch. Leopoldsdorf: Österreichischer Agrarverlag; 2004.
2. Safety assessment of transgenic organisms in the environment, Volume 5. OECD; 2016.
3. Ferriol, M, Picó, B, Vegetables I. Pumpkin and winter squash. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2008:317–49 pp.10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_10 ↗
4. Paris, HS. Historical records, origins, and development of the edible cultivar groups of Cucurbita pepo (cucurbitaceae). Econ Bot 1989;43:423–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02935916.10.1007/BF02935916 ↗
5. Fruhwirth, GO, Hermetter, A. Seeds and oil of the Styrian oil pumpkin: components and biological activities. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2007;109:1128–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200700105.10.1002/ejlt.200700105 ↗
6. Teppner, H. Cucurbita pepo (cucurbitaceae) - history, seed coat types, thin coated seeds and their genetics. Phyton 2000;40:1–42.
7. Brancucci, M, Bänziger, E. Das große Buch vom Kürbis. Küttigen, Aarau: Midena Fona 2000.
8. Tlili, I, Hdider, C, Lenucci, MS, Ilahy, R, Jebari, H, Dalessandro, G. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities during fruit ripening of watermelon cultivars. J Food Compos Anal 2011;24:923–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2011.03.016.10.1016/j.jfca.2011.03.016 ↗
9. Caili, F, Haijun, T, Tongyi, C, Yi, L, Quanhong, L. Some properties of an acidic protein-bound polysaccharide from the fruit of pumpkin. Food Chem 2007;100:944–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.049.10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.049 ↗
10. Perez Gutierrez, RM. Review of Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin) its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Med Chem 2016;6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0444.1000316.10.4172/2161-0444.1000316 ↗
11. Kulczyński, B, Gramza-Michałowska, A. The profile of carotenoids and other bioactive molecules in various pumpkin. Fruits (Cucurbita Maxima Duchesne) Cultiv Mol [Internet] 2019;24:3212. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183212.10.3390/molecules24183212 ↗
12. Kulczyński, B, Gramza-Michałowska, A. The profile of secondary metabolites and other bioactive compounds in Cucurbita pepo L. and Cucurbita moschata Pumpkin cultivars. Mol [Internet] 2019;24:2945. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162945.10.3390/molecules24162945 ↗
13. Yang, Z, Shi, L, Qi, Y, Xie, C, Zhao, W, Barrow, CJ, et al.. Effect of processing on polyphenols in butternut pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata). Food Biosci 2022;49:101925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101925.10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101925 ↗
14. Dhiman, A, Sharma, K, Attri, S. Functional constituents and processing of pumpkin: a review. J Food Sci Technol 2009;46:411–7.
15. Abbas, HMK, Huang, HX, Huang, WJ, Xue, SD, Yan, SJ, Wu, TQ, et al.. Evaluation of metabolites and antioxidant activity in pumpkin species. Nat Prod Commun 2020;15:1934578X20920983. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20920983.10.1177/1934578X20920983 ↗
16. Baiano, A, Del Nobile, MA. Antioxidant compounds from vegetable matrices: biosynthesis, occurrence, and extraction systems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016;56:2053–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.812059.10.1080/10408398.2013.812059 ↗
17. Cai, Y, Luo, Q, Sun, M, Corke, H. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci 2004;74:2157–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.047.10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.047 ↗
18. Sargsyan, GZ, Balayan, RS, Tadevosyan, LM, Harutyunyan, AE, Vardanian, IV. The study of portioned varieties of pumpkin and the possibility of using them in breeding. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2022;1045:012101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1045/1/012101.10.1088/1755-1315/1045/1/012101 ↗
19. Amin, MZ, Rity, TI, Uddin, MR, Rahman, MM, Uddin, MJ. A comparative assessment of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activities of hybrid and indigenous varieties of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Linn.) seed oil. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2020;28:101767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101767.10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101767 ↗
20. Chonoko, U, Rufai, A. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin) against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2011;4. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v4i1.30.10.4314/bajopas.v4i1.30 ↗
21. Asif, M, Naqvi, S, Sherazi, T, Ahmad, DM, Zahoor, AF, Shahzad, S, et al.. Antioxidant, antibacterial & antiproliferative activities of pumpkin (cucurbit) peel & puree extracts - an in vitro study. Pak J Pharm Sci 2017;30:1327–34.
22. Chen, L, Long, R, Huang, G, Huang, H. Extraction and antioxidant activities in vivo of pumpkin polysaccharide. Ind Crops Prod 2020;146:112199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112199.10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112199 ↗
23. Chen, L, Chang, X, Han, G, Feng, X, Liu, H, Chen, X, et al.. Radical scavenging and low - density lipoprotein cholesterol oxidation inhibitory effects of polysaccharides extracted from Chinese yam, pumpkin, and shiitake. J Food Nutr Res 2020;8:658–69. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfnr-8-11-6.10.12691/jfnr-8-11-6 ↗
24. Nkosi, CZ, Opoku, AR, Terblanche, SE. Antioxidative effects of pumpkin seed ( Cucurbita pepo ) protein isolate in CCl4‐Induced liver injury in low‐protein fed rats. Phytother Res 2006;20:935–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1977.10.1002/ptr.1977 ↗
25. Demmig-Adams, B, Adams, WW. Antioxidants in photosynthesis and human nutrition. Science 1979)2002;298:2149–53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078002.10.1126/science.1078002 ↗
26. Moccia, S, Russo, M, Durante, M, Lenucci, MS, Mita, G, Russo, GL. A carotenoid-enriched extract from pumpkin delays cell proliferation in a human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell line through the modulation of autophagic flux. Curr Res Biotechnol 2020;2:74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2020.05.001.10.1016/j.crbiot.2020.05.001 ↗
27. Emmanuel, N. Ethno medicines used for treatment of prostatic disease in Foumban, Cameroon. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;4:793–805.
28. Xie, JM. Induced polarization effect of pumpkin protein on B16 cell. Fujian Med Univ Acta 2004;38:394–5.
29. Aslam, MW, Asimullah, FK, Khan, I, Jan, S, Muhammad, N, Khan, RA, et al.. Dietary and trace elements evaluation of elected vegetables from North Waziristan Agency, KPK Pakistan. J Med Plants Res 2013;7:3232–6.
30. Elinge, CM, Muhammad, A, Atiku, FA, Itodo, AU, Peni, IJ, Sanni, OM, et al.. Proximate, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds extract. Int J Plant Res 2012;2:146–50.10.5923/j.plant.20120205.02 ↗
31. Rahman, AHM, Anisuzzaman, M, Ahmed, F, Islam, AKM, Naderuzzaman, ATM. Study of nutritive value and medicinal uses of cultivated cucurbits. J Appl Sci Res 2008;4:555–8.
32. Xia, HC, Li, F, Li, Z, Zhang, ZC. Purification and characterization of Moschatin, a novel type I ribosome-inactivating protein from the mature seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), and preparation of its immunotoxin against human melanoma cells. Cell Res 2003;13:369–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7290182.10.1038/sj.cr.7290182 ↗
33. Suresh, Y, Das, UN. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and chemically induced diabetes mellitus. Nutrition 2003;19:213–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00856-0.10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00855-9 ↗
34. Jun, HI, Lee, CH, Song, GS, Kim, YS. Characterization of the pectic polysaccharides from pumpkin peel. LWT - Food Sci Technol (Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft -Technol) 2006;39:554–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.03.004.10.1016/j.lwt.2005.03.004 ↗
35. Babbar, N, Oberoi, HS, Sandhu, SK. Therapeutic and nutraceutical potential of bioactive compounds extracted from fruit residues. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015;55:319–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.653734.10.1080/10408398.2011.653734 ↗
36. Majid, AK, Ahmed, Z, Khan, R. Effect of pumpkin seed oil on cholesterol fractions and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. Food Sci Technol 2020;40:769–77. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.03720.10.1590/fst.03720 ↗
37. Adsul, S, Madkaikar, V. Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed. In: Oilseeds: Health attributes and food applications. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2021:473–506 pp.10.1007/978-981-15-4194-0_19 ↗
38. Nameni, RO, Woumbo, CY, Kengne, APN, Zokou, R, Tekou, FA, Nguekouo, PT, et al.. Effects of stifled cooking on the quality and lipid-lowering potential of oils extracted from two species of pumpkin seeds (Citrullus lanatus and Cucumeropsis mannii). Invest Medi Chem Pharmacol 2021;4:1–7. https://doi.org/10.31183/imcp.2020.00047.10.31183/imcp.2020.00047 ↗
39. Yadav, M, Jain, S, Tomar, R, Prasad, GBKS, Yadav, H. Medicinal and biological potential of pumpkin: an updated review. Nutr Res Rev 2010;23:184–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954422410000107.10.1017/S0954422410000107 ↗
40. Adnan, M, Gul, S, Batool, S, Fatima, B, Rehman, A, Yaqoob, S, et al.. A review on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and nutritional composition of Cucurbita pepo L. J Phytopharmacol 2017;6:133–9. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2017.6211.10.31254/phyto.2017.6211 ↗
41. Lestari, B, Meiyanto, E. A review: the emerging nutraceutical potential of Pumpkin seeds. Indonesian J Cancer Chem 2018;9:92. https://doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev9iss2pp92-101.10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev9iss2pp92-101 ↗
42. Montesano, D, Blasi, F, Simonetti, M, Santini, A, Cossignani, L. Chemical and nutritional characterization of seed oil from Cucurbita maxima L. (var. Berrettina) pumpkin. Foods 2018;7:30. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7030030.10.3390/foods7030030 ↗
43. Revathy, MN, Sabitha, N. Development, quality evaluation and popularization of pumpkin seed flour incorporated bakery products. Int J Food Nutr Sci 2013;2:40–5.
44. Rezie, L, Chouaibi, M, Ojeda-Amador, RM, Gomez-Alonso, S, Salvador, MD, Fregapane, G, et al.. Cucurbita maxima Pumpkin seed oil: from the chemical properties to the different extracting techniques. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 2018;46:663–9.10.15835/nbha46211129 ↗
45. Kim, MY, Kim, EJ, Kim, YN, Choi, C, Lee, BH. Comparison of the chemical compositions and nutritive values of various pumpkin ( Cucurbitaceae ) species and parts. Nutr Res Prac 2012;6:21. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.1.21.10.4162/nrp.2012.6.1.21 ↗
46. Stevenson, DG, Eller, FJ, Wang, L, Jane, JL, Wang, T, Inglett, GE. Oil and tocopherol content and composition of pumpkin seed oil in 12 cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:4005–13. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0706979.10.1021/jf0706979 ↗
47. Sabudak, T. Fatty acid composition of seed and leaf oils of pumpkin, walnut, almond, maize, sunflower and melon. Chem Nat Compd 2007;43:465–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-007-0163-5.10.1007/s10600-007-0163-5 ↗
48. Rabrenović, BB, Dimić, EB, Novaković, MM, Tešević, VV, Basić, ZN. The most important bioactive components of cold pressed oil from different pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. LWT - Food Sci Technol 2014;55:521–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.10.019.10.1016/j.lwt.2013.10.019 ↗
49. Patel, SP. Cucurbita sp.) seeds as nutraceutic: a review on status quo and scopes. Mediterr J Nutr Metabol 2013;6:183–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12349-013-0131-5.10.1007/s12349-013-0131-5 ↗
50. Tasya, Z, Amiruddin, R, Syam, A, Thamrin, Y. Pumpkin seed intervention to control diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022;10:535–40. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9850.10.3889/oamjms.2022.9850 ↗
51. Melo de Farias, L, da Silva Brito, AK, da Silva Santos Oliveira, AS, de Morais Lima, G, Lopes Rodrigues, LAR, de Carvalho, VBL, et al.. Hypotriglyceridemic and hepatoprotective effect of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seed flour in an experimental model of dyslipidemia. South Afr J Bot 2022;151:484–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.05.008.10.1016/j.sajb.2022.05.008 ↗
52. Emre, G, Koçyiğit, M, Haspolat, YK. Medicinal seeds and some important ingredients. Pumpkin seeds and their effects on prostate health. Ankara,Turkey: Orient Publications; 2024:137–49 pp.
53. Halson, SL. Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep. Sports Med 2014;44:13–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0147-0.10.1007/s40279-014-0147-0 ↗
54. Chollet, D, Franken, P, Raffin, Y, Henrotte, JG, Widmer, J, Malafosse, A, et al.. Magnesium involvement in sleep: genetic and nutritional models. Behav Genet 2001;31:413–25. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1012790321071.10.1023/A:1012790321071 ↗
55. Ayaz, E, Gökbulut, C, Coşkun, H, Türker, A, Özsoy, Ş, Ceylan, K. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of pumpkinseeds (Cucurbita maxima) in mice naturally infectedwith Aspiculuris tetraptera. J Pharmacogn Phytotherapy 2015;7:189–93.10.5897/JPP2015.0341 ↗
56. Amin, MZ, Islam, T, Mostofa, F, Uddin, MJ, Rahman, MM, Satter, MA. Comparative assessment of the physicochemical and biochemical properties of native and hybrid varieties of pumpkin seed and seed oil (Cucurbita maxima Linn.). Heliyon 2019;5:e02994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02994.10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02994 ↗
57. Tohge, T, Alseekh, S, Fernie, AR. On the regulation and function of secondary metabolism during fruit development and ripening. J Exp Bot 2013;65:4599–611. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert443.10.1093/jxb/ert443 ↗
58. Konozy, EHE, Causse, M, Faurobert, M. Cell wall glycosidase activities and protein content variations during fruit development and ripening in three texture contrasted tomato cultivars. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012;19:277–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.04.006.10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.04.006 ↗
59. Klee, HJ, Giovannoni, JJ. Genetics and control of tomato fruit ripening and quality attributes. Annu Rev Genet 2011;45:41–59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132507.10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132507 ↗
60. Danihelka, J, Chrtek, JJ, Kaplan, Z. Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic. Preslia 2012;84:647–811.
61. Thiex, NJ, Manson, H, Anderson, S, Persson, JÅ, Anderson, S, Bogren, E, et al.. Determination of crude protein in animal feed, forage, grain, and oilseeds by using block digestion with a copper catalyst and steam distillation into boric acid: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2002;85:309–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.2.309.10.1093/jaoac/85.2.309 ↗
62. Zhurba, M, Shelepova, O, Hudz, N, Ivaniov, E, Bieniek, AA, Antoniewska-Krzeska, A, et al.. Nutritional value, bioactive components and antioxidant activity of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) baill. Leaves. Agrobiodiversity for improving nutrition. Health Life Qual 2021;5.10.15414/ainhlq.2021.0020 ↗
63. Diviš, P, Diviš, P, Vespalcová, M, Pořízka, J, Matějíček, A, Kaplan, J. Elemental composition of fruits from different Black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) cultivars grown in the Czech Republic. J Elementol 2015:3–2015. https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2015.20.1.758.10.5601/jelem.2015.20.1.758 ↗
64. Brindza, J, Balátová, Z, Nôžková, J, Fil, M, Syrohman, I. Proteins content and quality in selected plant parts of oily squash (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca). Potravinárstvo. 2011;2:249–53.
65. Brindza, J, Vietoris, V, Kucelová, L, Fil, M, Ostrovský, R, Gondová, E. Morphology and sensory evaluation of traditional products from different landraces of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). Potravinárstvo 2011;2:1–8. https://doi.org/10.5219/137.10.5219/137 ↗
66. Horčinová Sedláčková, V, Avagyan, A. Morphological characteristics of selected fruit parts and naked seeds of Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca. Agrobiodiversity for improving nutrition. Health Life Qual 2022;6.10.15414/ainhlq.2022.0026 ↗
67. Horčinová Sedláčková, V, Ďurišová, Ľ, Eliáš, P, Avagyan, A. Morphological characteristics of selected flower parts of Cucurbita pepo L. Styriaca group. Agrobiodiv Improving Nutrition, Health Life Quality 2023;7.10.15414/ainhlq.2023.0009 ↗
68. Adewusi, SRA, Udio, J, Osuntogun, BA. Studies on the carbohydrate content of breadfruit ( Artocarpus communis Forst) from south‐western Nigeria. Starch - Stärke 1995;47:289–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.19950470802.10.1002/star.19950470802 ↗
69. Murkovic, M, Piironen, V, Lampi, AM, Kraushofer, T, Sontag, G. Changes in chemical composition of pumpkin seeds during the roasting process for production of pumpkin seed oil (part 1: non-volatile compounds). Food Chem 2004;84:359–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00240-1.10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00240-1 ↗
70. Ardabili, AG, Farhoosh, R, Khodaparast, MH. Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo Subsp. pepo Var. Styriaka) grown in Iran. J Agric Sci Technol 2011;13:1053–63.
71. Gomes, MH, Rosa, E. Free amino acid composition in primary and secondary inflorescences of 11 broccoli (Brassica oleracea var italica) cultivars and its variation between growing seasons. J Sci Food Agric 2000;81:295–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0010(200102)81:3<295::aid-jsfa811>3.3.co;2-r.10.1002/1097-0010(200102)81:3<295::AID-JSFA811>3.0.CO;2-# ↗
72. Baqir, HA, Zeboon, NH, Al-Behadili, AAJ. The role and importance of amino acids within plants: a review. Plant Arch 2019;19:1402–10.
73. Pikosky, MA, Ragalie-Carr, J, Miller, GD. Recognizing the importance of protein quality in an era of food systems transformation. Front Sustain Food Syst 2022:6.10.3389/fsufs.2022.1012813 ↗
74. Zhao, X, Zhang, B, Luo, Z, Yuan, Y, Zhao, Z, Liu, M. Composition analysis and nutritional value evaluation of amino acids in the fruit of 161 jujube cultivars. Plants 2023;12:1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091744.10.3390/plants12091744 ↗
75. Staveckienė, J, Medveckienė, B, Vaštakaitė-Kairienė, V, Kulaitienė, J, Jarienė, E. Amino acid changes during maturation in solanum fruit. Agriculture 2024;14:802. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060802.10.3390/agriculture14060802 ↗
76. Vendramini, AL, Trugo, LC. Chemical composition of acerola fruit (Malpighia punicifolia L.) at three stages of maturity. Food Chem 2000;71:195–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(00)00152-7.10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00152-7 ↗
77. Tlili, N, Tir, M, Benlajnef, H, Khemiri, S, Mejri, H, Rejeb, S, et al.. Variation in protein and oil content and fatty acid composition of Rhus tripartitum fruits collected at different maturity stages in different locations. Ind Crops Prod 2014;59(2014):197–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.020.10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.020 ↗
78. Badr, SEA, Shaaban, M, Elkholy, YM, Helal, MH, Hamza, AS, Masoud, MS, et al.. Chemical composition and biological activity of ripe pumpkin fruits (Cucurbita pepoL.) cultivated in Egyptian habitats. Nat Prod Res 2011;25:1524–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410903312991.10.1080/14786410903312991 ↗
79. Glew, RH, Glew, RS, Chuang, LT, Huang, YS, Millson, M, Constans, D, et al.. Amino acid, mineral and fatty acid content of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita spp) and Cyperus esculentus nuts in the republic of Niger. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2006;61:49–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-006-0010-z.10.1007/s11130-006-0010-z ↗
80. Mansour, EH, Dworschák, E, Lugasi, A, Barna, É, Gergely, A. Nutritive value of pumpkin ( Cucurbita Pepo Kakai 35) seed products. J Sci Food Agric 1993;61:73–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740610112.10.1002/jsfa.2740610112 ↗
81. Achu, MB, Fokou, E, Kansci, G, Fotso, M. Chemical evaluation of protein quality and phenolic compound levels of some Cucurbitaceae oilseeds from Cameroon. Afr J Biotechnol 2013;12:735–43.
82. Kohl, A, Pfeiffer, AFH. Ernährung bei Diabetes. Diabetologe. 2006;2:226–32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-006-0047-5.10.1007/s11428-006-0047-5 ↗
83. Brindza, P, Brindza, J, Tóth, D, Klimenko, SV, Grigorieva, O. Biological and commercial characteristics of cornelian cherry (cornus mas l.) population in the gemer region of Slovakia. Acta Hortic 2009;818:85–94. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.818.11.10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.818.11 ↗
84. Grygorieva, O, Klymenko, S, Vergun, O, Fatrcová-Šramková, K, Shelepova, O, Vinogradova, Y, et al.. Studies of the chemical composition of fruits and seeds of pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) dunal). Agrobiodiversity for improving nutrition. Health Life Qual 2021;5.10.15414/ainhlq.2021.0004 ↗
85. Staveckienė, J, Kulaitienė, J, Levickienė, D, Vaitkevičienė, N. Changes in fatty acid content in solanum spp. Fruits During Ripening Plants 2023;12:268. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020268.10.3390/plants12020268 ↗
86. Murkovic, M, Hillebrand, A, Winkler, J, Leitner, E, Pfannhauser, W. Variability of fatty acid content in pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.). Z Lebensmittel-Untersuchung -Forschung 1996;203:216–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01192866.10.1007/BF01192866 ↗
87. Younis, YMH, Ghirmay, S, Al-Shihry, SS. African Cucurbita pepo L.: properties of seed and variability in fatty acid composition of seed oil. Phytochemistry 2000;54:71–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00610-x.10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00610-X ↗
88. Srbinoska, M, Hrabovski, N, Rafajlovska, V, Sinadinović-Fišer, S. Characterization of the seed and seed extracts of the pumpkins Cucurbita maxima D. and Cucurbita pepo l. from Macedonia. Maced J Chem Chem Eng 2012;31:65. https://doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2012.58.10.20450/mjcce.2012.58 ↗
89. Murkovic, M, Hillebrand, A, Winkler, J, Pfannhauser, W. Variability of vitamin E content in pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L). Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1996;202:275–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01206096.10.1007/BF01206096 ↗
90. Lim, TK. Cucurbita pepo ‘vegetable spaghetti. In: Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012:295–7 pp.10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_43 ↗
91. Tsaknis, J, Lalas, S, Lazos, ES. Characterization of crude and purified pumpkin seed oil. Grasas Aceites 1997;48:267–72. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.1997.v48.i5.802.10.3989/gya.1997.v48.i5.802 ↗
92. Applequist, WL, Avula, B, Schaneberg, BT, Wang, YH, Khan, IA. Comparative fatty acid content of seeds of four Cucurbita species grown in a common (shared) garden. J Food Compos Anal 2006;19:606–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2006.01.001.10.1016/j.jfca.2006.01.001 ↗
93. Badimon, L, Chagas, P, Chiva-Blanch, G. Diet and cardiovascular disease: effects of foods and nutrients in classical and emerging cardiovascular risk factors. Curr Med Chem [Internet] 2019;26:3639–51. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170428103206. Available from: http://www.eurekaselect.com/151983/article.10.2174/0929867324666170428103206 ↗
94. Silldorff, J, Fura, T, Dudek, M, Zaucha, R, Felińska, Z, Iszczuk, O, et al.. Reducing cardiovascular risk - are omega 3 fatty acids the solution? Qual Sport [Internet] 2024;18:53426. https://doi.org/10.12775/qs.2024.18.53426.10.12775/QS.2024.18.53426 ↗
95. Rodriguez-Leyva, D, Bassett, CMC, McCullough, R, Pierce, GN. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol [Internet] 2010;26:489–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0828-282x(10)70455-4.10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70455-4 ↗
96. Hawkesford, M, Horst, W, Kichey, T, Lambers, H, Schjoerring, J, Møller, IS, et al.. Functions of macronutrients. In: . Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Elsevier; 2012:135–89 pp.10.1016/B978-0-12-384905-2.00006-6 ↗
97. Giorgi, C, Marchi, S, Pinton, P. The machineries, regulation and cellular functions of mitochondrial calcium. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018;19:713–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0052-8.10.1038/s41580-018-0052-8 ↗
98. Johnson, R, Vishwakarma, K, Hossen, MS, Kumar, V, Shackira, AM, Puthur, JT, et al.. Potassium in plants: growth regulation, signaling, and environmental stress tolerance. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022;172:56–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.001.10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.001 ↗
99. Pereira, TSS, Mill, JG, Griep, RH, Sichieri, R, Molina, M, del, CB. Effect of urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio change on blood pressure in participants of the longitudinal health of adults study - elsa-brasil. Medicine 2019;98:e16278. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000016278.10.1097/MD.0000000000016278 ↗
100. Khan, F, Siddique, AB, Shabala, S, Zhou, M, Zhao, C. Phosphorus plays key roles in regulating plants’ physiological responses to abiotic stresses. Plants 2023;12:2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152861.10.3390/plants12152861 ↗