A comprehensive review: The impact of recycling polypropylene fiber on lightweight concrete performance
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract In the pursuit of sustainable and durable building materials, this study delves into the potential application of polypropylene fiber (PPF) as a reinforcement material in lightweight concrete. With increasing emphasis on environmentally responsible construction, enhancing the mechanical performance of lightweight concrete is crucial. Although PPF is not a cementitious material, its integration into concrete mixtures has shown promise in improving properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and ductility. A detailed analysis of the chemical and physical characteristics of various PPF types was conducted to assess their influence on concrete behavior. In addition, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken to identify existing gaps and establish a foundation for further investigation. The study also evaluates the effects of PPF inclusion on failure modes, stress–strain behavior, and crack propagation in lightweight concrete. Results indicate that incorporating PPF significantly enhances toughness, crack resistance, and energy absorption capacity, contributing to a more ductile and resilient material. These improvements are particularly relevant for structural applications requiring both reduced weight and enhanced durability. However, the performance gains are closely related to the fiber type, dosage, and distribution, underscoring the need for careful mix design and optimization. By addressing limitations in previous studies and offering a nuanced understanding of PPF’s role in lightweight concrete, this research contributes valuable insights for the development of durable, sustainable building materials. The findings serve as a foundation for future research and practical applications, supporting the broader adoption of fiber-reinforced concrete in environmentally conscious construction.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Innovative concrete reinforcement materials · Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University , Al-Kharj , 11942 , Saudi Arabia
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza , P.O. Box 108 , Gaza Strip , Palestine
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
Biomedical Department, College of Engineering, University of Duhok , Kurdistan Region , Iraq
Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research (HCASR), Al-Ahliyya Amman University , 19111 , Amman , Jordan
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , 81310 , Malaysia
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Sadeghi-Nik, A., J. Berenjian, A. Bahari, A. S. Safaei, and M. Dehestani. Modification of microstructure and mechanical properties of cement by nanoparticles through a sustainable development approach. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 155, 2017, pp. 880–891.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.107 ↗
2. Cai, J., J. Pan, G. Li, and M. Elchalakani. Behaviors of eccentrically loaded ECC-encased CFST columns after fire exposure. Engineering Structures, Vol. 289, 2023, id. 116258.10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116258 ↗
3. Qin, Y., Y. Li, X. Zhang, and H. Zhou. Constitutive model of polypropylene-fiber-fabric-reinforced concrete under uniaxial compression and index conversion of mechanical properties. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 347, 2022, id. 128508.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128508 ↗
4. Hossain, M. A., S. D. Datta, A. S. M. Akid, M. H. R. Sobuz, and M. S. Islam. Exploring the synergistic effect of fly ash and jute fiber on the fresh, mechanical and non-destructive characteristics of sustainable concrete. Heliyon, Vol. 9, No. 11, 2023, id. e21708.10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21708 ↗
5. Hafizyar, R. and M. H. Dheyaaldin. Concrete technology and sustainable development from past to future, sustainable structures and materials. An International Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2019, pp. 1–13.
6. Zhou, S., C. Lu, X. Zhu, and F. Li. Preparation and characterization of high-strength geopolymer based on BH-1 lunar soil simulant with low alkali content. Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 11, 2021, pp. 1631–1645.10.1016/j.eng.2020.10.016 ↗
7. Shi, T., Y. Liu, Z. Hu, M. Cen, C. Zeng, J. Xu, et al. Deformation performance and fracture toughness of carbon nanofiber-modified cement-based materials. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 119, No. 5, 2022, pp. 119–128.10.14359/51735976 ↗
8. Haq, I., S. D. Datta, M. H. R. Sobuz, F. S. Aditto, M. S. Abdullah, F. M. T. Rahman, et al. Synergistic effect of fly ash and stone dust on foam concrete under saline environment: Mechanical, non-destructive and machine learning approaches. Advances in Concrete Construction, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2024, id. 237.
9. Li, Z., M. Gao, Z. Lei, L. Tong, J. Sun, Y. Wang, et al. Ternary cementless composite based on red mud, ultra-fine fly ash, and GGBS: Synergistic utilization and geopolymerization mechanism. Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 19, 2023, id. e02410.10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02410 ↗
10. Tayeh, B. A., R. Alyousef, H. Alabduljabbar, and A. Alaskar. Recycling of rice husk waste for a sustainable concrete: A critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 312, 2021, id. 127734.10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127734 ↗
11. Faried, A. S., S. A. Mostafa, B. A. Tayeh, and T. A. Tawfik. The effect of using nano rice husk ash of different burning degrees on ultra-high-performance concrete properties. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 290, 2021, id. 123279.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123279 ↗
12. Naik, T. R. Sustainability of cement and concrete industries. Proceedings of the International Conference on Achieving Sustainability in Construction, Citeseer, 2005, pp. 141–150.10.1680/asic.34044.0017 ↗
13. Shahidan, S., B. A. Tayeh, A. Jamaludin, N. Bahari, S. Mohd, N. Z. Ali, et al. Physical and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete containing superplasticizer and metakaolin. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, 2017, id. 012004.10.1088/1757-899X/271/1/012004 ↗
14. Tawfik, T. A., D. M. AlSaffar, B. A. Tayeh, K. A. Metwally, and I. M. ElKattan. Role of expanded clay aggregate, metakaolin and silica fume on the of modified lightweight concrete properties. Geosystem Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2021, pp. 145–156.10.1080/12269328.2021.1887002 ↗
15. Bahari, A., J. Berenjian, and A. Sadeghi-Nik. Modification of Portland cement with nano SiC. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, Vol. 86, No. 3, 2016, pp. 323–331.10.1007/s40010-015-0244-y ↗
16. Bahari, A., A. Sadeghi-Nik, F. U. A. Shaikh, A. Sadeghi-Nik, E. Cerro-Prada, E. Mirshafiei, et al. Experimental studies on rheological, mechanical, and microstructure properties of self-compacting concrete containing perovskite nanomaterial. Structural Concrete, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2022, pp. 564–578.10.1002/suco.202000548 ↗
17. Pezzotti, G. and M. Sakai. Effect of a silicon carbide “nano‐dispersion” on the mechanical properties of silicon nitride. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 77, No. 11, 1994, pp. 3039–3041.10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04545.x ↗
18. Beigi, M. H., J. Berenjian, O. Lotfi Omran, A. Sadeghi Nik, and I. M. Nikbin. An experimental survey on combined effects of fibers and nanosilica on the mechanical, rheological, and durability properties of self-compacting concrete. Materials & Design, Vol. 50, 2013, pp. 1019–1029.10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.046 ↗
19. Tayeh, B. A., B. Bayrak, A. M. Zeyad, G. Kaplan, A. Öz, and A. C. Aydın. Effect of hybrid fibers and high temperatures on the properties of geopolymer composites based on slag, metakaolin, and natural zeolite. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 451, 2024, id. 138898.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138898 ↗
20. Carpio, M., J. Roldán-Fontana, R. Pacheco-Torres, and J. Ordóñez. Construction waste estimation depending on urban planning options in the design stage of residential buildings. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 113, 2016, pp. 561–570.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.061 ↗
21. Datta, S. D., R. M. Jewel, A. M. Nafe, M. N. Jahan, and S. Ahmed. Investigation on the generation of construction wastes in Bangladesh. International Journal of Construction Management, Vol. 23, No. 13, 2023, pp. 2260–2269.10.1080/15623599.2022.2050977 ↗
22. Wu, H., J. Xu, D. Yang, and Z. Ma. Utilizing thermal activation treatment to improve the properties of waste cementitious powder and its newmade cementitious materials. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 322, 2021, id. 129074.10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129074 ↗
23. Datta, S. D., M. H. R. Sobuz, N. M. Sutan, and S. Islam. Structural sustainable recycled aggregate concrete production under environmental conditions. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2023, pp. 64–71.10.30880/ijie.2023.15.06.007 ↗
24. Nedeljković, M., J. Visser, B. Šavija, S. Valcke, and E. Schlangen. Use of fine recycled concrete aggregates in concrete: A critical review. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 38, 2021, id. 102196.10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102196 ↗
25. Datta, S. D., M. H. R. Sobuz, A. S. M. Akid, and S. Islam. Influence of coarse aggregate size and content on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete using non-destructive testing methods. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 61, 2022, id. 105249.10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105249 ↗
26. Hussein, T. A., M. H. Dheyaaldin, M. A. Mosaberpanah, Y. M. Ahmed, H. A. Mohammed, R. R. Omer, et al. Chemical resistance of alkali-activated mortar with nano silica and polypropylene fiber. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 363, 2023, id. 129847.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129847 ↗
27. Cheeseman, C., A. Makinde, and S. Bethanis. Properties of lightweight aggregate produced by rapid sintering of incinerator bottom ash. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2005, pp. 147–162.10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.05.004 ↗
28. Singh, B., G. Ishwarya, M. Gupta, and S. Bhattacharyya. Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent developments. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 85, 2015, pp. 78–90.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.036 ↗
29. Davidovits, J. Geopolymer chemistry and applications, 5th edn, J. Davidovits.–Saint-Quentin, Geopolymer Institute, L-Saint-Quentin, France (Issue January 2008), 2020.
30. Robayo-Salazar, R., J. Mejía-Arcila, R. M. de Gutiérrez, and E. Martínez. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of an alkali-activated binary concrete based on natural volcanic pozzolan: A comparative analysis to OPC concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 176, 2018, pp. 103–111.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.017 ↗
31. Akbar, A., F. Farooq, M. Shafique, F. Aslam, R. Alyousef, and H. Alabduljabbar. Sugarcane bagasse ash-based engineered geopolymer mortar incorporating propylene fibers. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 33, 2021, id. 101492.10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101492 ↗
32. Zhang, B., Y. Feng, J. Xie, J. He, T. Yu, C. Cai, et al. Compressive behaviours, splitting properties, and workability of lightweight cement concrete: The role of fibres. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 320, 2022, id. 126237.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126237 ↗
33. Vickers, N. J. Animal communication: When i’m calling you, will you answer too? Current biology, Vol. 27, No. 14, 2017, pp. R713–R715.10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.064 ↗
34. Maglad, A. M., M. A. Othuman Mydin, S. Dip Datta, and B. A. Tayeh. Assessing the mechanical, durability, thermal and microstructural properties of sea shell ash based lightweight foamed concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 402, 2023, id. 133018.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133018 ↗
35. Maglad, A. M., M. A. O. Mydin, S. D. Datta, I. S. Abbood, and B. A. Tayeh. Impact of anionic surfactant-based foaming agents on the properties of lightweight foamed concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 438, 2024, id. 137119.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137119 ↗
36. Adhikary, S. K., Ž. Rudžionis, and D. Vaičiukynienė. Development of flowable ultra-lightweight concrete using expanded glass aggregate, silica aerogel, and prefabricated plastic bubbles. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 31, 2020, id. 101399.10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101399 ↗
37. Xie, J., J. Liu, F. Liu, J. Wang, and P. Huang. Investigation of a new lightweight green concrete containing sludge ceramsite and recycled fine aggregates. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 235, 2019, pp. 1240–1254.10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.012 ↗
38. Yan, J.-B., J.-Y. Wang, J. R. Liew, and X. Qian. Applications of ultra-lightweight cement composite in flat slabs and double skin composite structures. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 111, 2016, pp. 774–793.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.122 ↗
39. Datta, S. D., A. S. Nirjona, M. R. Azam, M. S. Shah, and M. S. Abdullah. Evaluating the properties of mussel sea shell lightweight foam concrete: Emphasizing sustainability and waste reduction, AIP Publishing, Melville, New York, USA.
40. Aaron, G. H., M. A. O. Mydin, D. E. Tobbala, P. Jagadesh, Y. O. Özkılıç, S. D. Datta, et al. Experimental and machine learning approaches to investigate the properties of foamed concrete made with surkhi and dolomitic limestone as cement replacements. Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025, id. 151.10.1007/s41939-025-00730-5 ↗
41. Sobuz, M. H., S. D. Datta, A. S. Akid, V. W. Tam, S. Islam, M. J. Rana, et al. Evaluating the effects of recycled concrete aggregate size and concentration on properties of high-strength sustainable concrete. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2024, pp. 216–227.
42. Mottakin, M., S. D. Datta, M. M. Hossain, M. H. R. Sobuz, S. M. A. Rahman, and M. Alharthai. Evaluation of textile effluent treatment plant sludge as supplementary cementitious material in concrete using experimental and machine learning approaches. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 96, 2024, id. 110627.10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110627 ↗
43. Ma, H., C. Cui, X. Li, and S. Hu. Study on mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced autoclaved lightweight shell-aggregate concrete. Materials & Design (1980-2015), Vol. 52, 2013, pp. 565–571.10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.086 ↗
44. Libre, N. A., M. Shekarchi, M. Mahoutian, and P. Soroushian. Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete made with natural pumice. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 25, No. 5, 2011, pp. 2458–2464.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.058 ↗
45. Li, J., J. Niu, C. Wan, X. Liu, and Z. Jin. Comparison of flexural property between high performance polypropylene fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete and steel fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 157, 2017, pp. 729–736.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.149 ↗
46. Mastali, M., P. Kinnunen, H. Isomoisio, M. Karhu, and M. Illikainen. Mechanical and acoustic properties of fiber-reinforced alkali-activated slag foam concretes containing lightweight structural aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 187, 2018, pp. 371–381.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.228 ↗
47. Posi, P., C. Teerachanwit, C. Tanutong, S. Limkamoltip, S. Lertnimoolchai, V. Sata, et al. Lightweight geopolymer concrete containing aggregate from recycle lightweight block. Materials & Design (1980-2015), Vol. 52, 2013, pp. 580–586.10.1016/j.matdes.2013.06.001 ↗
48. Cunha, F. G., Z. L. M. Sampaio, and A. E. Martinelli. Fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete formulated using multiple residues. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 308, 2021, id. 125035.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125035 ↗
49. Sari, D. and A. Pasamehmetoglu. The effects of gradation and admixture on the pumice lightweight aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 35, No. 5, 2005, pp. 936–942.10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.020 ↗
50. Domagała, L. Modification of properties of structural lightweight concrete with steel fibres. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2011, pp. 36–44.10.3846/13923730.2011.553923 ↗
51. Campione, G. and L. La Mendola. Behavior in compression of lightweight fiber reinforced concrete confined with transverse steel reinforcement. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 26, No. 6, 2004, pp. 645–656.10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00047-7 ↗
52. Chen, B. and J. Liu. Contribution of hybrid fibers on the properties of the high-strength lightweight concrete having good workability. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 35, No. 5, 2005, pp. 913–917.10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.035 ↗
53. Güneyisi, E., M. Gesoglu, T. Özturan, and S. İpek. Fracture behavior and mechanical properties of concrete with artificial lightweight aggregate and steel fiber. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 84, 2015, pp. 156–168.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.054 ↗
54. Grabois, T. M., G. C. Cordeiro, and R. D. Toledo Filho. Fresh and hardened-state properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete reinforced with steel fibers. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 104, 2016, pp. 284–292.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.060 ↗
55. Nadesan, M. S. and P. Dinakar. Structural concrete using sintered flyash lightweight aggregate: A review. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 154, 2017, pp. 928–944.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.005 ↗
56. Zhu, C., J. Niu, J. Li, C. Wan, and J. Peng. Effect of aggregate saturation degree on the freeze–thaw resistance of high performance polypropylene fiber lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 145, 2017, pp. 367–375.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.039 ↗
57. Suksiripattanapong, C., S. Horpibulsuk, P. Chanprasert, P. Sukmak, and A. Arulrajah. Compressive strength development in fly ash geopolymer masonry units manufactured from water treatment sludge. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 82, 2015, pp. 20–30.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.040 ↗
58. Suksiripattanapong, C., T. Srijumpa, S. Horpibulsuk, P. Sukmak, A. Arulrajah, and Y. J. Du. Compressive strengths of water treatment sludge-fly ash geopolymer at various compression energies. Lowland Technology International, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2015, pp. 147–156.10.14247/lti.17.3_147 ↗
59. Xie, T. and T. Ozbakkaloglu. Behavior of low-calcium fly and bottom ash-based geopolymer concrete cured at ambient temperature. Ceramics International, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2015, pp. 5945–5958.10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.01.031 ↗
60. Suksiripattanapong, C., K. Krosoongnern, J. Thumrongvut, P. Sukontasukkul, S. Horpibulsuk, and P. Chindaprasirt. Properties of cellular lightweight high calcium bottom ash-portland cement geopolymer mortar. Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 12, 2020, id. e00337.10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00337 ↗
61. Ismail, I., S. A. Bernal, J. L. Provis, R. San Nicolas, S. Hamdan, and J. S. van Deventer. Modification of phase evolution in alkali-activated blast furnace slag by the incorporation of fly ash. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 45, 2014, pp. 125–135.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.006 ↗
62. Kazmi, S. M., S. Abbas, M. A. Saleem, M. J. Munir, and A. Khitab. Manufacturing of sustainable clay bricks: Utilization of waste sugarcane bagasse and rice husk ashes. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 120, 2016, pp. 29–41.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.084 ↗
63. Suksiripattanapong, C., R. Sakdinakorn, S. Tiyasangthong, N. Wonglakorn, C. Phetchuay, and W. Tabyang. Properties of soft Bangkok clay stabilized with cement and fly ash geopolymer for deep mixing application. Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 16, 2022, id. e01081.10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01081 ↗
64. Ranjbar, N., S. Talebian, M. Mehrali, C. Kuenzel, H. S. C. Metselaar, and M. Z. Jumaat. Mechanisms of interfacial bond in steel and polypropylene fiber reinforced geopolymer composites. Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 122, 2016, pp. 73–81.10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.11.009 ↗
65. Sukontasukkul, P., P. Pongsopha, P. Chindaprasirt, and S. Songpiriyakij. Flexural performance and toughness of hybrid steel and polypropylene fibre reinforced geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 161, 2018, pp. 37–44.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.122 ↗
66. Chindaprasirt, P., T. Boonbamrung, A. Poolsong, and W. Kroehong. Effect of elevated temperature on polypropylene fiber reinforced alkali-activated high calcium fly ash paste. Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 15, 2021, id. e00554.10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00554 ↗
67. Yoosuk, P., C. Suksiripattanapong, P. Sukontasukkul, and P. Chindaprasirt. Properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced cellular lightweight high calcium fly ash geopolymer mortar. Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 15, 2021, id. e00730.10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00730 ↗
68. Afroughsabet, V., L. Biolzi, and T. Ozbakkaloglu. High-performance fiber-reinforced concrete: a review. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 51, No. 14, 2016, pp. 6517–6551.10.1007/s10853-016-9917-4 ↗
69. Liu, H., M. Elchalakani, A. Karrech, S. Yehia, and B. Yang. High strength flowable lightweight concrete incorporating low C3A cement, silica fume, stalite and macro-polyfelin polymer fibres. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 281, 2021, id. 122410.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122410 ↗
70. Massone, L. M. and F. Nazar. Analytical and experimental evaluation of the use of fibers as partial reinforcement in shotcrete for tunnels in Chile. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 77, 2018, pp. 13–25.10.1016/j.tust.2018.03.027 ↗
71. Ortiz, C., P. Lillo, and M. Lopez. A lightweight fiber-based approach to reduce the risk of concrete detachment in shotcrete fortified tunnels. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 270, 2021, id. 121453.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121453 ↗
72. Yew, M. K., H. B. Mahmud, B. C. Ang, and M. C. Yew. Influence of different types of polypropylene fibre on the mechanical properties of high-strength oil palm shell lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 90, 2015, pp. 36–43.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.024 ↗
73. Ghanim, A. A. J., M. Amin, A. M. Zeyad, B. A. Tayeh, I. S. Agwa, and Y. Elsakhawy. Effect of polypropylene and glass fiber on properties of lightweight concrete exposed to high temperature. Advances in Concrete Construction, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2023, pp. 179–190.
74. Mohamed, A. M., B. A. Tayeh, Y. I. A. Aisheh, and M. N. A. Salih. Exploring the performance of steel fiber reinforced lightweight concrete: A case study review. Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 18, 2023, id. e01968.10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01968 ↗
75. Aisheh, Y. I. A., D. S. Atrushi, M. H. Akeed, S. Qaidi, and B. A. Tayeh. Influence of polypropylene and steel fibers on the mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 17, 2022, id. e01234.10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01234 ↗
76. Zeng, Y. and A. Tang. Comparison of effects of basalt and polyacrylonitrile fibers on toughness behaviors of lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 282, 2021, id. 122572.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122572 ↗
77. Madandoust, R., M. Kazemi, P. K. Talebi, and J. de Brito. Effect of the curing type on the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete with polypropylene and steel fibres. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 223, 2019, pp. 1038–1052.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.006 ↗
78. Abdul-Rahman, M., A. A. Al-Attar, H. M. Hamada, and B. Tayeh. Microstructure and structural analysis of polypropylene fibre reinforced reactive powder concrete beams exposed to elevated temperature. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 29, 2020, id. 101167.10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101167 ↗
79. Salehi, P., H. Dabbagh, and M. Ashengroph. Effects of microbial strains on the mechanical and durability properties of lightweight concrete reinforced with polypropylene fiber. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 322, 2022, id. 126519.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126519 ↗
80. Srinivas, K., K. R. Akula, and V. Mahesh. Experimental investigation on lightweight concrete by replacing the coarse aggregate with coconut shell and expanded polystyrene beads and using polypropylene fiber. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 46, 2021, pp. 838–842.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.834 ↗
81. Balgourinejad, N., M. Haghighifar, R. Madandoust, and S. Charkhtab. Experimental study on mechanical properties, microstructural of lightweight concrete incorporating polypropylene fibers and metakaolin at high temperatures. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 18, 2022, pp. 5238–5256.10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.04.005 ↗
82. jun Li, J., J. gang Niu, C. jun Wan, B. Jin, and Y. liu Yin. Investigation on mechanical properties and microstructure of high performance polypropylene fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 118, 2016, pp. 27–35.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.116 ↗
83. Altalabani, D., D. K. Bzeni, and S. Linsel. Mechanical properties and load deflection relationship of polypropylene fiber reinforced self-compacting lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 252, 2020, id. 119084.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119084 ↗
84. Tanyildizi, H. Statistical analysis for mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced lightweight concrete containing silica fume exposed to high temperature. Materials & Design, Vol. 30, No. 8, 2009, pp. 3252–3258.10.1016/j.matdes.2008.11.032 ↗
85. Guler, S. The effect of polyamide fibers on the strength and toughness properties of structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 173, 2018, pp. 394–402.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.212 ↗
86. Wang, Y., T. Zheng, X. Zheng, Y. Liu, J. Darkwa, and G. Zhou. Thermo-mechanical and moisture absorption properties of fly ash-based lightweight geopolymer concrete reinforced by polypropylene fibers. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 251, 2020, id. 118960.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118960 ↗
87. Mehrab, A. H. and M. R. Esfahani. Experimental study on size effect and fracture properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, Vol. 66, No. 4, 2022, pp. 1278–1293.
88. Ghasemzadeh Mousavinejad, S. H. and Y. G. Shemshad Sara. Experimental study effect of silica fume and hybrid fiber on mechanical properties lightweight concrete. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2019, pp. 263–271.10.1007/s40996-018-0137-9 ↗
89. Najaf, E., H. Abbasi, and S. M. Zahrai. Effect of waste glass powder, microsilica and polypropylene fibers on ductility, flexural and impact strengths of lightweight concrete. International Journal of Structural Integrity, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2022, pp. 511–533.10.1108/IJSI-03-2022-0039 ↗
90. Ismael, T. and S. Mohammed. Structural performance of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete slabs with expanded clay aggregate. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 42, 2021, pp. 2901–2908.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.746 ↗
91. Loh, L. T., M. K. Yew, M. C. Yew, J. H. Beh, F. W. Lee, S. K. Lim, et al. Mechanical and thermal properties of synthetic polypropylene fiber–reinforced renewable oil palm shell lightweight concrete. Materials, Vol. 14, No. 9, 2021, id. 2337.10.3390/ma14092337 ↗
92. Zhou, Y. and M.-G. Chen. Static and dynamic compression performances of hybrid fiber-reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete. Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2022, 2022, id. 6045514.10.1155/2022/6045514 ↗
93. Badogiannis, E., K. Christidis, and G. Tzanetatos. Evaluation of the mechanical behavior of pumice lightweight concrete reinforced with steel and polypropylene fibers. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 196, 2019, pp. 443–456.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.109 ↗
94. Al Qubro, K. and A. Saggaff. The compressive strength of fly ash foamed concrete with polypropylene fiber, International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT), Vol. 29, 2021, pp. 447-453.
95. Rasheed, M. A. and S. S. Prakash. Behavior of hybrid-synthetic fiber reinforced cellular lightweight concrete under uniaxial tension – Experimental and analytical studies. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 162, 2018, pp. 857–870.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.095 ↗
96. Yang, J., C. Song, and Q. Wang. Comparative analysis of the effects of aggregates and fibres on the fracture performance of lightweight aggregate concrete based on types I and II fracture test methods. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 117, 2022, id. 103202.10.1016/j.tafmec.2021.103202 ↗
97. Sun, J., F. Aslani, J. Lu, L. Wang, Y. Huang, and G. Ma. Fibre-reinforced lightweight engineered cementitious composites for 3D concrete printing. Ceramics International, Vol. 47, No. 19, 2021, pp. 27107–27121.10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.06.124 ↗
98. Shaiksha Vali, K. and S. Bala Murugan. Impact of manufactured fiber aggregate in the production of lightweight concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 65, 2022, pp. 1690–1696.10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.712 ↗
99. Karamloo, M., O. Afzali-Naniz, and A. Doostmohamadi. Impact of using different amounts of polyolefin macro fibers on fracture behavior, size effect, and mechanical properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 250, 2020, id. 118856.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118856 ↗
100. Amin, M., B. A. Tayeh, and I.S. Agwa. , Investigating the mechanical and microstructure properties of fibre-reinforced lightweight concrete under elevated temperatures. Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 13, 2020, id. e00459.10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00459 ↗