Benefits and limitations of N 2 addition with Ar as shielding gas on microstructure change and their effect on hardness and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel weldments
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Duplexes stainless steels (DSSs) are widely used in various applications due to the equal amounts of the two phases, ferrite and austenite. These combined benefits provide the material with superior strength, corrosion resistance, and good welding capacity. During the welding process of DSS, equal amounts of both phases are disrupted, resulting in precipitation. To investigate this phenomenon, this study aims to analyze the effect of adding N 2 with Ar (as a shielding gas) on microstructure changes. The study found that adding a small amount of N 2 with Ar as a shielding gas makes it possible to control the appearance of Cr 2 N precipitation better. Moreover, the results indicate a direct relationship between the volume fraction of austenite and the use of N 2 as a shielding gas. Reducing N 2 shielding gas increases the micro-hardness of DSS welds due to higher ferrite volume fraction. The study also indicated that up to 10% amount of N 2 is also enough to form chromium nitrides; moreover, much more nitrogen in argon shielding gas deteriorates mechanical and corrosion properties of DSS weldments.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals · Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benghazi , P.O. Box 1308 , Benghazi , Libya
Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Brigth Star University , Brega , Libya
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University , Buraydah , 51452 , Saudi Arabia
References (37)
Show source-provided references
1. Armas, I. A. and S. D. Moreuil. Duplex stainless steels. Liljas M, Sjoholm F Applications. ISTE Ltd, Grã Bretanha, 2009, pp. 1–433.
2. Sawczen, T., B. B. Ferraro, L. G. Barbosa, C. A. Barbosa, É. Teixeira Neto, and S. M. Agostinho. Evaluation of critical pitting temperature for superduplex stainless steel. Resumos, 2012.
3. Gao, J., Y. Jiang, B. Deng, Z. Ge, and J. Li. Determination of pitting initiation of duplex stainless steel using potentiostatic pulse technique. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 55, No. 17, 2010 Jul, pp. 4837–4844.10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.035 ↗
4. Nicholls, J. M. Corrosion properties of duplex stainless steels: general corrosion, pitting and crevice corrosion. In Duplex stainless steels, Vol. 94, 1994 Nov.
5. Pettersson, R. F. and J. Flyg. Electrochemical evaluation of pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steels in NaCl and NaBr, Outokumpu, Stockholm, Sweden, 2004 Mar.
6. Yousefieh, M., M. Shamanian, and A. Saatchi. Influence of heat input in pulsed current GTAW process on microstructure and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel welds. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2011 Sep, pp. 65–69.10.1016/S1006-706X(12)60036-3 ↗
7. Wang, X., Y. Jiang, Z. Ling, Z. Yuan, and J. Shi. Advancements in diffusion barrier layers based on heterogeneous connection of electrode/thermoelectric materials. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 1001, 2024 Oct, id. 175185.10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175185 ↗
8. Mirakhorli, F., F. Malek Ghaini, and M. J. Torkamany. Development of weld metal microstructures in pulsed laser welding of duplex stainless steel. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 21, No. 10, 2012 Oct, pp. 2173–2176.10.1007/s11665-012-0141-3 ↗
9. Geng, S., J. Sun, L. Guo, and H. Wang. Evolution of microstructure and corrosion behavior in 2205 duplex stainless steel GTA-welding joint. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 19, 2015 Aug, pp. 32–37.10.1016/j.jmapro.2015.03.009 ↗
10. Xie, X. F., J. Li, W. Jiang, Z. Dong, S. T. Tu, X. Zhai, et al. Nonhomogeneous microstructure formation and its role on tensile and fatigue performance of duplex stainless steel 2205 multi-pass weld joints. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 786, 2020 Jun, id. 139426.10.1016/j.msea.2020.139426 ↗
11. Solomon, H. D., and T. M. Jr Devine. Duplex stainless steels – a tale of two phases. In Duplex stainless steels, 1982 Oct, pp. 693–756.
12. Mourad, A. I., A. Khourshid, and T. Sharef. Gas tungsten arc and laser beam welding processes effects on duplex stainless steel 2205 properties. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 549, 2012 Jul, pp. 105–113.10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.012 ↗
13. Omura, T., T. Kushida, and Y. Komizo. Nitrogen distribution on rapid solidification in laser welded duplex stainless steels. Welding International, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2000 Jan, pp. 288–294.10.1080/09507110009549181 ↗
14. Muthupandi, V., P. B. Srinivasan, V. Shankar, S. K. Seshadri, and S. Sundaresan. Effect of nickel and nitrogen addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of power beam processed duplex stainless steel (UNS 31803) weld metals. Materials Letters, Vol. 59, No. 18, 2005 Aug, pp. 2305–2309.10.1016/j.matlet.2005.03.010 ↗
15. Valiente Bermejo, M. A., L. Karlsson, L. E. Svensson, K. Hurtig, H. Rasmuson, M. Frodigh, et al. Effect of shielding gas on welding performance and properties of duplex and superduplex stainless steel welds. Welding in the World, Vol. 59, 2015 Mar, pp. 239–249.10.1007/s40194-014-0199-7 ↗
16. Melad, M. S., M. A. Gebril, F. M. Shuaeib, F. I. Haidar, D. M. Elabar, and S. M. Elkoum. Parametric study and optimization the effect of TIG welding process parameters on the corrosion resistance of 2205 DSS weldment using potentiodynamic polarization technique. The Scientific Journal of University of Benghazi, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2023 Dec.10.37376/sjuob.v36i2.4296 ↗
17. Melad, M. S., M. A. Gebril, F. M. Shuaeib, R. M. Esmaael, and M. A. El-Hag. An in-depth investigation of the effects of tungsten inert gas welding process parameters on hardness and corrosion resistance of 2205 DSS weldments: new design of experiment parametric studies and optimization. International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, Vol. 69, 2024 Jun, pp. 47–69.10.4028/p-mHdf4l ↗
18. Wang, X., G. Wu, S. Li, P. He, N. Fang, and W. Long. Effect of N–Cr compounds on the brazing of high nitrogen steel with Ag-based filler metal: first-principles calculation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 23, 2023 Mar, pp. 370–378.10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.12.198 ↗
19. Betini, E. G., M. P. Gomes, C. S. Mucsi, M. T. Orlando, T. D. Luz, M. N. Avettand-Fènoël, et al. Effect of nitrogen addition to shielding gas on cooling rates and in the microstructure of thin sheets of duplex stainless steel welded by pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process. Materials Research, Vol. 22, No. suppl 1, 2019 Aug, id. e20190247.10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2019-0247 ↗
20. Rokanopoulou, A., P. Skarvelis, and G. D. Papadimitriou. Welding design methodology for optimization of phase balance in duplex stainless steels during autogenous arc welding under Ar–N2 atmosphere. Welding in the World, Vol. 63, 2019 Jan, pp. 3–10.10.1007/s40194-018-0660-0 ↗
21. Pimenta, A. R., M. G. Diniz, G. Perez, and I. G. Solórzano-Naranjo. Nitrogen addition to the shielding gas for welding hyper-duplex stainless steel. Soldagem & Inspeção, Vol. 25, 2020 Jun, id. e2512.10.1590/0104-9224/si25.12 ↗
22. Topić, A. and N. Knezović. Influence of shielding gas mixture type on ultimate tensile strength of laser-welded joints in duplex stainless steel 2205. Annals of Daaam & Proceedings, Vol. 31, 2020 Aug.10.2507/31st.daaam.proceedings.056 ↗
23. Baghdadchi, A., V. A. Hosseini, K. Hurtig, and L. Karlsson. Promoting austenite formation in laser welding of duplex stainless steel—impact of shielding gas and laser reheating. Welding in the World, Vol. 65, 2021 Mar, pp. 499–511.10.1007/s40194-020-01026-7 ↗
24. Westin, E. M., B. Brolund, and S. Hertzman. Weldability aspects of a newly developed duplex stainless steel LDX 2101. Steel Research International, Vol. 79, No. 6, 2008 Jun, pp. 473–481.10.1002/srin.200806155 ↗
25. Westin, E. M. Microstructure and properties of welds in the lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101. Doctoral dissertation. Kungliga Tekniska högskolan.
26. Westin, E. M., M. M. Johansson, and R. F. Pettersson. Effect of nitrogen-containing shielding and backing gas on the pitting corrosion resistance of welded lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101®(EN 1.4162, UNS S32101). Welding in the World, Vol. 57, No. 4, 2013 Jul, pp. 467–476.10.1007/s40194-013-0046-2 ↗
27. Westin, E. M. and S. Hertzman. Element distribution in lean duplex stainless steel welds. Welding in the World, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2014 Mar, pp. 143–160.10.1007/s40194-013-0108-5 ↗
28. Cervo, R., P. Ferro, and A. Tiziani. Annealing temperature effects on super duplex stainless steel UNS s32750 welded joints. I: Microstructure and partitioning of elements. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 45, 2010 Aug, pp. 4369–4377.10.1007/s10853-010-4310-1 ↗
29. Hosseini, V. A., S. Wessman, K. Hurtig, and L. Karlsson. Nitrogen loss and effects on microstructure in multipass TIG welding of a super duplex stainless steel. Materials & Design, Vol. 98, 2016 May, pp. 88–97.10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.011 ↗
30. Eghlimi, A., M. Shamanian, and K. Raeissi. Effect of current type on microstructure and corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel claddings produced by the gas tungsten arc welding process. Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 244, 2014 Apr, pp. 45–51.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.01.047 ↗
31. Ramirez, A. J., J. C. Lippold, and S. D. Brandi. The relationship between chromium nitride and secondary austenite precipitation in duplex stainless steels. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 34, 2003 Aug, pp. 1575–1597.10.1007/s11661-003-0304-9 ↗
32. Tahaei, A., A. F. Perez, M. Merlin, F. A. Valdes, and G. L. Garagnani. Effect of the addition of nickel powder and post weld heat treatment on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of the welded UNS S32304 duplex stainless steel. Soldagem & Inspeção, Vol. 21, 2016 Apr, pp. 197–208.10.1590/0104-9224/SI2102.09 ↗
33. Başyiğit, A. B. and A. Kurt. The effects of nitrogen gas on microstructural and mechanical properties of TIG welded s32205 duplex stainless steel. Metals, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2018 Apr, id. 226.10.3390/met8040226 ↗
34. Jebaraj, A. V. and L. Ajaykumar. Influence of microstructural changes on impact toughness of weldment and base metal of duplex stainless steel AISI 2205 for low temperature applications. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 64, 2013 Jan, pp. 456–466.10.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.119 ↗
35. Cui, S., Y. Shi, K. Sun, and S. Gu. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of keyhole deep penetration TIG welds of S32101 duplex stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 709, 2018 Jan, pp. 214–222.10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.051 ↗
36. Ali, M. A. Inhibition of mild steel corrosion in cooling systems by low- and non-toxic corrosion inhibitors. Doctoral dissertation. The University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
37. Muñoz, A. I., J. G. Antón, J. L. Guiñón, and V. P. Herranz. Effect of nitrogen in argon as a shielding gas on tungsten inert gas welds of duplex stainless steels. Corrosion, Vol. 61, No. 7, 2005 Jul, pp. 693–705.10.5006/1.3278204 ↗