Foamed geopolymers as low carbon materials for fire-resistant and lightweight applications in construction: A review
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract This study analyzed the research developments on foamed geopolymers (FGPs) in construction applications, aiming to evaluate advancements, challenges, and prospective future directions. Data for the review were collected using the Scopus database. The evaluation identified key publishing sources, keyword trends, leading authors in terms of citations and publications, most-cited papers, and regions actively involved in FGP research. Additionally, the study discussed the demand for FGP, the main challenges to its implementation, and potential solutions. A notable increase in publications on FGP was observed, indicating growing interest among researchers. Keyword trends emphasized the growing interest in FGPs for thermal insulation and fire-resistant applications, underscoring their potential to address critical sustainability challenges in the construction industry. An analysis of prominent authors and their extensively cited works showed the principal contributors driving innovation within this domain. The review highlighted current research gaps concerning the long-term performance and durability of FGPs when subjected to extreme environmental conditions. Furthermore, the necessity for advanced processing techniques to enhance material characteristics and cost-effectiveness for practical applications was discussed. This study might be valuable for both researchers and industry, providing recommendations to address existing gaps and promote the advancement and implementation of FGPs in sustainable construction.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Innovative concrete reinforcement materials · Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University , Al-Ahsa , 31982 , Saudi Arabia
Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad , Abbottabad , 22060 , Pakistan
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Knowledge University, Erbil , 44001 , Iraq
Department of Computer Engineering, Al-Kitab University , Altun Kupri , Iraq
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Balachandra, A. M., N. Abdol, A. Darsanasiri, K. Zhu, P. Soroushian, and H. E. Mason. Landfilled coal ash for carbon dioxide capture and its potential as a geopolymer binder for hazardous waste remediation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 9, 2021, id. 105385.10.1016/j.jece.2021.105385 ↗
2. Díaz, E. E. S. and V. A. E. Barrios. Development and use of geopolymers for energy conversion: An overview. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 315, 2022, id. 125774.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125774 ↗
3. Bi, S., M. Liu, J. Shen, X. M. Hu, and L. Zhang. Ultrahigh self-sensing performance of geopolymer nanocomposites via unique interface engineering. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, 2017, pp. 12851–12858.10.1021/acsami.7b00419 ↗
4. Luukkonen, T., Z. Abdollahnejad, J. Yliniemi, P. Kinnunen, and M. Illikainen. One-part alkali-activated materials: A review. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 103, 2018, pp. 21–34.10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.10.001 ↗
5. Singh, B., G. Ishwarya, M. Gupta, and S. K. Bhattacharyya. Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent developments. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 85, 2015, pp. 78–90.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.036 ↗
6. Bakharev, T. Resistance of geopolymer materials to acid attack. Cement and concrete research, Vol. 35, 2005, pp. 658–670.10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.005 ↗
7. Zhang, Z., J. L. Provis, A. Reid, and H. Wang. Geopolymer foam concrete: An emerging material for sustainable construction. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 56, 2014, pp. 113–127.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.081 ↗
8. Delair, S., É. Prud’homme, C. Peyratout, A. Smith, P. Michaud, L. Eloy, et al. Durability of inorganic foam in solution: The role of alkali elements in the geopolymer network. Corrosion Science, Vol. 59, 2012, pp. 213–221.10.1016/j.corsci.2012.03.002 ↗
9. Xu, F., G. Gu, W. Zhang, H. Wang, X. Huang, and J. Zhu. Pore structure analysis and properties evaluations of fly ash-based geopolymer foams by chemical foaming method. Ceramics International, Vol. 44, 2018, pp. 19989–19997.10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.267 ↗
10. Narayanan, A. and P. Shanmugasundaram. An experimental investigation on flyash-based geopolymer mortar under different curing regime for thermal analysis. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 138, 2017, pp. 539–545.10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.12.079 ↗
11. Huang, Y., L. Gong, L. Shi, W. Cao, Y. Pan, and X. Cheng. Experimental investigation on the influencing factors of preparing porous fly ash-based geopolymer for insulation material. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 168, 2018, pp. 9–18.10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.02.043 ↗
12. Shao, N.-n, Y.-b Zhang, Z. Liu, D.-m Wang, and Z.-t Zhang. Fabrication of hollow microspheres filled fly ash based foam geopolymers with ultra-low thermal conductivity and relative high strength. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 185, 2018, pp. 567–573.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.077 ↗
13. Rickard, W. D. A., L. Vickers, and A. Van Riessen. Performance of fibre reinforced, low density metakaolin geopolymers under simulated fire conditions. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 73, 2013, pp. 71–77.10.1016/j.clay.2012.10.006 ↗
14. Seelam, P. K., H. Sreenivasan, S. Ojala, S. Pitkäaho, T. Laitinen, H. Niu, et al. Modified geopolymers as promising catalyst supports for abatement of dichloromethane. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 280, 2021, id. 124584.10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124584 ↗
15. Ge, Y., Y. Yuan, K. Wang, Y. He, and X. Cui. Preparation of geopolymer-based inorganic membrane for removing Ni2+ from wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 299, 2015, pp. 711–718.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.006 ↗
16. Zakka, W. P., N. H. A. S. Lim, and M. C. Khun. A scientometric review of geopolymer concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 280, 2021, id. 124353.10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124353 ↗
17. Udomsap, A. D. and P. Hallinger. A bibliometric review of research on sustainable construction, 1994–2018. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 254, 2020, id. 120073.10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120073 ↗
18. Markoulli, M. P., C. I. Lee, E. Byington, and W. A. Felps. Mapping human resource management: Reviewing the field and charting future directions. Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 27, 2017, pp. 367–396.10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.10.001 ↗
19. Amin, M. N., W. Ahmad, K. Khan, and M. M. Sayed. Mapping research knowledge on rice husk ash application in concrete: A scientometric review. Materials, Vol. 15, 2022, id. 3431.10.3390/ma15103431 ↗
20. Aghaei Chadegani, A., H. Salehi, M. Yunus, H. Farhadi, M. Fooladi, M. Farhadi, et al. A comparison between two main academic literature collections: Web of Science and Scopus databases. Asian Social Science, Vol. 9, 2013, pp. 18–26.10.5539/ass.v9n5p18 ↗
21. Afgan, S. and C. Bing. Scientometric review of international research trends on thermal energy storage cement based composites via integration of phase change materials from 1993 to 2020. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 278, 2021, id. 122344.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122344 ↗
22. Hallinger, P. and J. Kovačević. A bibliometric review of research on educational administration: Science mapping the literature, 1960 to 2018. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 89, 2019, pp. 335–369.10.3102/0034654319830380 ↗
23. Ahmad, W., H. Alabduljabbar, and A. F. Deifalla. An overview of the research trends on fiber-reinforced shotcrete for construction applications. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, Vol. 62, 2023, id. 20230144.10.1515/rams-2023-0144 ↗
24. He, C., S. Zhang, Y. Liang, W. Ahmad, F. Althoey, S. H. Alyami, et al. A scientometric review on mapping research knowledge for 3D printing concrete. Materials, Vol. 15, 2022, id. 4796.10.3390/ma15144796 ↗
25. Khan, K., W. Ahmad, M. N. Amin, S. A. Khan, A. F. Deifalla, and M. Y. M. Younes. Research evolution on self-healing asphalt: A scientometric review for knowledge mapping. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, Vol. 62, 2023, id. 20220331.10.1515/rams-2022-0331 ↗
26. Qin, D., Y. Hu, and X. Li. Waste glass utilization in cement-based materials for sustainable construction: A review. Crystals, Vol. 11, 2021, id. 710.10.3390/cryst11060710 ↗
27. Yang, D., J. Zhao, W. Ahmad, M. Nasir Amin, F. Aslam, K. Khan, et al. Potential use of waste eggshells in cement-based materials: A bibliographic analysis and review of the material properties. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 344, 2022, id. 128143.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128143 ↗
28. Mei, J., G. Xu, W. Ahmad, K. Khan, M. N. Amin, F. Aslam, et al. Promoting sustainable materials using recycled rubber in concrete: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 373, 2022, id. 133927.10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133927 ↗
29. Alkadhim, H. A., M. N. Amin, W. Ahmad, K. Khan, M. N. Al-Hashem, S. Houda, et al. Knowledge mapping of the literature on fiber-reinforced geopolymers: A scientometric review. Polymers, Vol. 14, 2022, id. 5008.10.3390/polym14225008 ↗
30. Zuo, J. and Z.-Y. Zhao. Green building research–current status and future agenda: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 30, 2014, pp. 271–281.10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.021 ↗
31. Darko, A., C. Zhang, and A. P. Chan. Drivers for green building: A review of empirical studies. Habitat International, Vol. 60, 2017, pp. 34–49.10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.007 ↗
32. Ahmad, W., M. Khan, and P. Smarzewski. Effect of short fiber reinforcements on fracture performance of cement-based materials: A systematic review approach. Materials, Vol. 14, 2021, id. 1745.10.3390/ma14071745 ↗
33. Wuni, I. Y., G. Q. Shen, and R. Osei-Kyei. Scientometric review of global research trends on green buildings in construction journals from 1992 to 2018. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 190, 2019, pp. 69–85.10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.02.010 ↗
34. Su, H.-N. and P.-C. Lee. Mapping knowledge structure by keyword co-occurrence: a first look at journal papers in Technology Foresight. Scientometrics, Vol. 85, 2010, pp. 65–79.10.1007/s11192-010-0259-8 ↗
35. Yu, F. and B. E. Hayes. Applying data analytics and visualization to assessing the research impact of the Cancer Cell Biology (CCB) Program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Journal of e Science Librarianship, Vol. 7, 2018, id. 4.10.7191/jeslib.2018.1123 ↗
36. Zhang, Z., J. L. Provis, A. Reid, and H. Wang. Mechanical, thermal insulation, thermal resistance and acoustic absorption properties of geopolymer foam concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 62, 2015, pp. 97–105.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.013 ↗
37. Liu, M. Y. J., U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat, and K. H. Mo. Evaluation of thermal conductivity, mechanical and transport properties of lightweight aggregate foamed geopolymer concrete. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 72, 2014, pp. 238–245.10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.12.029 ↗
38. Masi, G., W. D. A. Rickard, L. Vickers, M. C. Bignozzi, and A. Van Riessen. A comparison between different foaming methods for the synthesis of light weight geopolymers. Ceramics International, Vol. 40, 2014, pp. 13891–13902.10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.108 ↗
39. Al Bakri Abdullah, M. M., K. Hussin, M. Bnhussain, K. N. Ismail, Z. Yahya, and R. A. Razak. Fly ash-based geopolymer lightweight concrete using foaming agent. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 13, 2012, pp. 7186–7198.10.3390/ijms13067186 ↗
40. Zhang, Z. H., H. J. Zhu, C. H. Zhou, and H. Wang. Geopolymer from kaolin in China: An overview. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 119, 2016, pp. 31–41.10.1016/j.clay.2015.04.023 ↗
41. Feng, D., J. Wang, Y. Wang, X. Xiao, W. Hou, and S. Liang. Alkali-activated geopolymer materials prepared from coal gangue and municipal solid waste incineration byproducts. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 80, 2023, id. 108074.10.1016/j.jobe.2023.108074 ↗
42. Currò, G., O. Fiandaca, and F. Minutoli. The fire vulnerability of insulating materials for residential building energy efficiency: From unawareness of early applications to desirable formulation of certification protocols. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Ar.Tec. (Scientific Society of Architectural Engineering), Cham, 2025, 2025, pp. 227–248.10.1007/978-3-031-71863-2_15 ↗
43. Gourley, J. T. Geopolymers in Australia. Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, Vol. 50, 2014, pp. 102–110.
44. Shamsaei, E., O. Bolt, F. Basquiroto de Souza, E. Benhelal, K. Sagoe-Crentsil, and J. Sanjayan. Pathways to commercialisation for brown coal fly ash-based geopolymer concrete in Australia. Sustainability, Vol. 13, 2021, id. 4350.10.3390/su13084350 ↗
45. Dhasindrakrishna, K., K. Pasupathy, S. Ramakrishnan, and J. Sanjayan. Progress, current thinking and challenges in geopolymer foam concrete technology. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 116, 2021, id. 103886.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103886 ↗
46. Li, T., Z. Wang, T. Zhou, Y. He, and F. Huang. Preparation and properties of magnesium phosphate cement foam concrete with H2O2 as foaming agent. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 205, 2019, pp. 566–573.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.022 ↗
47. Hajimohammadi, A., T. Ngo, P. Mendis, T. Nguyen, A. Kashani, and J. S. J. van Deventer. Pore characteristics in one-part mix geopolymers foamed by H2O2: The impact of mix design. Materials & Design, Vol. 130, 2017, pp. 381–391.10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.084 ↗
48. Wattanasiriwech, D., K. Yomthong, and S. Wattanasiriwech. Characterisation and properties of class C-fly ash based geopolymer foams: Effects of foaming agent content, aggregates, and surfactant. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 306, 2021, id. 124847.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124847 ↗
49. Bai, C., T. Ni, Q. Wang, H. Li, and P. Colombo. Porosity, mechanical and insulating properties of geopolymer foams using vegetable oil as the stabilizing agent. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 38, 2018, pp. 799–805.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.09.021 ↗
50. Azarhomayun, F., M. Haji, M. Kioumarsi, and M. Shekarchi. Effect of calcium stearate and aluminum powder on free and restrained drying shrinkage, crack characteristic and mechanical properties of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 125, 2022, id. 104276.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104276 ↗
51. Singh, N. B. Foamed geopolymer concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 5, 2018, pp. 15243–15252.10.1016/j.matpr.2018.05.002 ↗
52. Xue, X., Y.-L. Liu, J.-G. Dai, C.-S. Poon, W.-D. Zhang, and P. Zhang. Inhibiting efflorescence formation on fly ash–based geopolymer via silane surface modification. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 94, 2018, pp. 43–52.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.08.013 ↗
53. Duan, P., C. Yan, W. Luo, and W. Zhou. A novel surface waterproof geopolymer derived from metakaolin by hydrophobic modification. Materials Letters, Vol. 164, 2016, pp. 172–175.10.1016/j.matlet.2015.11.006 ↗
54. Liu, Z. H., X. Q. Pang, K. T. Wang, X. S. Lv, and X. M. Cui. Superhydrophobic coatings prepared by the in situ growth of silicone nanofilaments on alkali-activated geopolymers surface. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, 2019, pp. 22809–22816.10.1021/acsami.9b07990 ↗
55. Prud’homme, E., P. Michaud, E. Joussein, C. Peyratout, A. Smith, S. Arrii-Clacens, et al. Silica fume as porogent agent in geo-materials at low temperature. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 30, 2010, pp. 1641–1648.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.01.014 ↗
56. Vaou, V. and D. Panias. Thermal insulating foamy geopolymers from perlite. Minerals Engineering, Vol. 23, 2010, pp. 1146–1151.10.1016/j.mineng.2010.07.015 ↗
57. Le-Ping, L., C. Xue-Min, Q. Shu-Heng, Y. Jun-Li, and Z. Lin. Preparation of phosphoric acid-based porous geopolymers. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 50, 2010, pp. 600–603.10.1016/j.clay.2010.10.004 ↗
58. Klemczak, B., B. Kucharczyk-Brus, A. Sulimowska, and R. Radziewicz-Winnicki. Historical evolution and current developments in building thermal insulation materials – A review. Energies, Vol. 17, 2024, id. 5535.10.3390/en17225535 ↗
59. Ascensao, G., M. P. Seabra, J. B. Aguiar, and J. A. Labrincha. Red mud-based geopolymers with tailored alkali diffusion properties and pH buffering ability. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 148, 2017, pp. 23–30.10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.150 ↗
60. Bumanis, G., L. Vitola, D. Bajare, L. Dembovska, and I. Pundiene. Impact of reactive SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in precursor on durability of porous alkali activated materials. Ceramics International, Vol. 43, 2017, pp. 5471–5477.10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.01.060 ↗
61. Novais, R. M., G. Ascensão, N. Ferreira, M. P. Seabra, and J. A. Labrincha. Influence of water and aluminium powder content on the properties of waste-containing geopolymer foams. Ceramics International, Vol. 44, 2018, pp. 6242–6249.10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.009 ↗
62. Palmero, P., A. Formia, P. Antonaci, S. Brini, and J.-M. Tulliani. Geopolymer technology for application-oriented dense and lightened materials. Elaboration and characterization Ceramics International, Vol. 41, 2015, pp. 12967–12979.10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.06.140 ↗
63. Perná, I. and T. Hanzlíček. The solidification of aluminum production waste in geopolymer matrix. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 84, 2014, pp. 657–662.10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.043 ↗
64. Echeverria, C. A., F. Pahlevani, W. Handoko, C. Jiang, C. Doolan, and V. Sahajwalla. Engineered hybrid fibre reinforced composites for sound absorption building applications. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 143, 2019, pp. 1–14.10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.12.014 ↗
65. Cao, L., Q. Fu, Y. Si, B. Ding, and J. Yu. Porous materials for sound absorption. Composites Communications, Vol. 10, 2018, pp. 25–35.10.1016/j.coco.2018.05.001 ↗
66. Luna-Galiano, Y., C. Leiva, C. Arenas, and C. Fernández-Pereira. Fly ash based geopolymeric foams using silica fume as pore generation agent. Physical, mechanical and acoustic properties. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 500, 2018, pp. 196–204.10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2018.07.069 ↗
67. Stolz, J., Y. Boluk, and V. Bindiganavile. Mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties of cellular alkali activated fly ash concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 94, 2018, pp. 24–32.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.08.004 ↗
68. Papa, E., V. Medri, D. Kpogbemabou, V. Morinière, J. Laumonier, A. Vaccari, et al. Porosity and insulating properties of silica-fume based foams. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 131, 2016, pp. 223–232.10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.09.031 ↗
69. Mitrevska, M. J., V. Mickovski, T. Samardzioska, and G. Iannace. Experimental and numerical investigation of sound absorption characteristics of rebonded polyurethane foam. Applied Sciences, Vol. 12, 2022, id. 12936.10.3390/app122412936 ↗
70. Hung, T.-C., J.-S. Huang, Y.-W. Wang, and K.-Y. Lin. Inorganic polymeric foam as a sound absorbing and insulating material. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 50, 2014, pp. 328–334.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.042 ↗
71. Rafatullah, M., O. Sulaiman, R. Hashim, and A. Ahmad. Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 177, 2010, pp. 70–80.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.047 ↗
72. Li, L., S. Wang, and Z. Zhu. Geopolymeric adsorbents from fly ash for dye removal from aqueous solution. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 300, 2006, pp. 52–59.10.1016/j.jcis.2006.03.062 ↗
73. Wang, S., L. Li, and Z. H. Zhu. Solid-state conversion of fly ash to effective adsorbents for Cu removal from wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 139, 2007, pp. 254–259.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.018 ↗
74. Luukkonen, T., H. Runtti, M. Niskanen, E.-T. Tolonen, M. Sarkkinen, K. Kemppainen, et al. Simultaneous removal of Ni(II), As(III), and Sb(III) from spiked mine effluent with metakaolin and blast-furnace-slag geopolymers. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 166, 2016, pp. 579–588.10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.007 ↗
75. Rasaki, S. A., Z. Bingxue, R. Guarecuco, T. Thomas, and Y. Minghui. Geopolymer for use in heavy metals adsorption, and advanced oxidative processes: A critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 213, 2019, pp. 42–58.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.145 ↗
76. Ji, Z. and Y. Pei. Bibliographic and visualized analysis of geopolymer research and its application in heavy metal immobilization: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 231, 2019, pp. 256–267.10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.041 ↗
77. Siyal, A. A., M. R. Shamsuddin, M. I. Khan, N. E. Rabat, M. Zulfiqar, Z. Man, et al. A review on geopolymers as emerging materials for the adsorption of heavy metals and dyes. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 224, 2018, pp. 327–339.10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.046 ↗
78. Al-Zboon, K., M. S. Al-Harahsheh, and F. B. Hani. Fly ash-based geopolymer for Pb removal from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 188, 2011, pp. 414–421.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.133 ↗
79. Cheng, T. W., M. L. Lee, M. S. Ko, T. H. Ueng, and S. F. Yang. The heavy metal adsorption characteristics on metakaolin-based geopolymer. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 56, 2012, pp. 90–96.10.1016/j.clay.2011.11.027 ↗
80. Liu, Y., C. Yan, Z. Zhang, Y. Gong, H. Wang, and X. Qiu. A facile method for preparation of floatable and permeable fly ash-based geopolymer block. Materials Letters, Vol. 185, 2016, pp. 370–373.10.1016/j.matlet.2016.09.044 ↗
81. Ge, Y., X. Cui, Y. Kong, Z. Li, Y. He, and Q. Zhou. Porous geopolymeric spheres for removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution: synthesis and evaluation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 283, 2015, pp. 244–251.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.038 ↗
82. Khalid, H. R., N. K. Lee, S. M. Park, N. Abbas, and H.-K. Lee. Synthesis of geopolymer-supported zeolites via robust one-step method and their adsorption potential. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 353, 2018, pp. 522–533.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.049 ↗
83. Salehi, A. and E. Najafi Kani. Green cylindrical mesoporous adsorbent based on alkali-activated phosphorous slag: synthesis, dye removal, and RSM modeling. Adsorption, Vol. 24, 2018, pp. 647–666.10.1007/s10450-018-9972-z ↗
84. Bai, C., G. Franchin, H. Elsayed, A. Zaggia, L. Conte, H. Li, et al. High-porosity geopolymer foams with tailored porosity for thermal insulation and wastewater treatment. Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 32, 2017, pp. 3251–3259.10.1557/jmr.2017.127 ↗
85. Tang, Q., Y.-y Ge, K.-t Wang, Y. He, and X.-m Cui. Preparation and characterization of porous metakaolin-based inorganic polymer spheres as an adsorbent. Materials & Design, Vol. 88, 2015, pp. 1244–1249.10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.126 ↗
86. Sazama, P., O. Bortnovsky, J. Dědeček, Z. Tvarůžková, and Z. Sobalík. Geopolymer based catalysts – New group of catalytic materials. Catalysis Today, Vol. 164, 2011, pp. 92–99.10.1016/j.cattod.2010.09.008 ↗
87. Luukkonen, T., A. Heponiemi, H. Runtti, J. Pesonen, J. Yliniemi, and U. Lassi. Application of alkali-activated materials for water and wastewater treatment: a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, Vol. 18, 2019, pp. 271–297.10.1007/s11157-019-09494-0 ↗
88. Falah, M., K. J. D. MacKenzie, R. Knibbe, S. J. Page, and J. V. Hanna. New composites of nanoparticle Cu (I) oxide and titania in a novel inorganic polymer (geopolymer) matrix for destruction of dyes and hazardous organic pollutants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 318, 2016, pp. 772–782.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.016 ↗
89. Alzeer, M. I. M. and K. J. D. MacKenzie. Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of New Sustainable Aluminosilicate Heterogeneous Catalysts Derived from Fly Ash. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 6, 2018, pp. 5273–5282.10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04923 ↗
90. Alzeer, M. I. M., K. J. D. MacKenzie, and R. A. Keyzers. Porous aluminosilicate inorganic polymers (geopolymers): a new class of environmentally benign heterogeneous solid acid catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 524, 2016, pp. 173–181.10.1016/j.apcata.2016.06.024 ↗
91. Zhang, Y. and L. Liu. Fly ash-based geopolymer as a novel photocatalyst for degradation of dye from wastewater. Particuology, Vol. 11, 2013, pp. 353–358.10.1016/j.partic.2012.10.007 ↗
92. Zhang, Y. J., P. Y. He, M. Y. Yang, and L. Kang. A new graphene bottom ash geopolymeric composite for photocatalytic H2 production and degradation of dyeing wastewater. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, 2017, pp. 20589–20598.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.156 ↗
93. Chen, L., K. Zheng, and Y. Liu. Geopolymer-supported photocatalytic TiO2 film: Preparation and characterization. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 151, 2017, pp. 63–70.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.097 ↗
94. Gasca-Tirado, J. R., A. Manzano-Ramírez, C. Villaseñor-Mora, M. S. Muñiz-Villarreal, A. A. Zaldivar-Cadena, J. C. Rubio-Ávalos, et al. Incorporation of photoactive TiO2 in an aluminosilicate inorganic polymer by ion exchange. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 153, 2012, pp. 282–287.10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.11.026 ↗
95. Candamano, S., P. Frontera, A. Macario, F. Crea, J. B. Nagy, and P. L. Antonucci. Preparation and characterization of active Ni-supported catalyst for syngas production. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 96, 2015, pp. 78–86.10.1016/j.cherd.2015.02.011 ↗
96. Satmon, J., Z. Hu, and M. Q. Zhu. Synthesis of novel geopolymer supported nano bimetallic catalysts and its application for isopropanol dehydrogenation. Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 777, 2018, pp. 190–195.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.777.190 ↗
97. Asim, N., M. Alghoul, M. Mohammad, M. H. Amin, M. Akhtaruzzaman, N. Amin, et al. Emerging sustainable solutions for depollution: Geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 199, 2019, pp. 540–548.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.043 ↗
98. Innocentini, M. D. M., R. F. Botti, P. M. Bassi, C. F. P. R. Paschoalato, D. L. Flumignan, G. Franchin, et al. Lattice-shaped geopolymer catalyst for biodiesel synthesis fabricated by additive manufacturing. Ceramics International, Vol. 45, 2019, pp. 1443–1446.10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.09.239 ↗
99. Franchin, G., P. Scanferla, L. Zeffiro, H. Elsayed, A. Baliello, G. Giacomello, et al. Direct ink writing of geopolymeric inks. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 37, 2017, pp. 2481–2489.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.01.030 ↗
100. Siyal, A. A., M. R. Shamsuddin, N. E. Rabat, M. Zulfiqar, Z. Man, and A. Low. Fly ash based geopolymer for the adsorption of anionic surfactant from aqueous solution. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 229, 2019, pp. 232–243.10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.384 ↗