Bioinspired BG/PPDO-CNP/Pluronic F-127 hydrogel fibrous dura mater with temporally programmed degradation and adhesion prevention inspired by the hierarchical architecture of dragonfly wings

Abstract Inspired by the hierarchical structure of dragonfly wings, a bioinspired double-layer artificial dura mater (CBPP) integrating poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO), bioactive glass (BG), and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) within a Pluronic F-127 hydrogel was developed to achieve temporally programmed degradation and dynamic bioactivity. The outer PPDO layer provided mechanical strength, while the inner BG/CNP-loaded hydrogel fibrous layer offered reduction of adhesion, as well as antioxidant and angiogenic functions. In vitro studies demonstrated that the CBPP-2 group exhibited excellent cytocompatibility, ROS-scavenging capacity, and sequential immunomodulation, leading to accelerated tissue repair. In vivo implantation confirmed that CBPP-2 promoted neodura formation, enhanced angiogenesis, and minimized fibrosis and tissue adhesion. The degradation timeline of CBPP closely matched the physiological repair process, coupling early anti-inflammatory activity with later tissue regeneration. This bioinspired, time-responsive scaffold provides a promising strategy for dural substitutes and offers valuable insights into temporally tissue regeneration.