journal article·2021-03-12Open access

What Structural Features Make Porous Carbons Work for Redox-Enhanced Electrochemical Capacitors? A Fundamental Investigation

Yang Zhao, Erin E. Taylor, Xudong Hu, Brian Evanko, Xiaojun Zeng, Hengbin Wang, Ryohji Ohnishi, Takaki Tsukazaki, Jian-Feng Li, Nicholas P. Stadie, Seung Joon Yoo, Galen D. Stucky, Shannon W. Boettcher

ACS Energy Letters· Volume 6· Issue 3

Abstract

The addition of redox-active molecules into electrochemical-capacitor electrolytes provides increased specific energy density. Here we illustrate the underlying operational mechanisms and design principles for carbons with hierarchical pore sizes in the micropore (0.6–2 nm) to mesopore (2–3 nm, 5–30 nm) range as electrode materials in redox-enhanced electrochemical capacitors. When using iodide as a model redox additive, we discover that the redox capacity is correlated to the pore volume of the carbon electrodes when void space is included. The fastest rates are typically observed with pore-sizes >1 nm, while slow self-discharge requires pores <1 nm. When used without an ion-selective-membrane separator, the delivered capacity correlated with the quantity of redox species held within the carbon. A commercial microporous carbon, MSC30, with substantial hierarchy in pore size, including small <0.8 nm pores and larger 1.1–3 nm pores, showed the best overall performance, illustrating key design principles.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication · Advanced battery technologies research · Advancements in Battery Materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States

Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States

Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States

Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States

Science & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan

R&D Center, Kansai Coke and Chemicals Co., Ltd, Amagasaki 660-0095, Japan

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Materials Science Institute, and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea · China Scholarship Council · National Natural Science Foundation of China · Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials

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