Electrocatalytic 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) Oxidation to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Coupled to Green H ₂ Production: Current Challenges and Future Pathways

Producing 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from electrocatalytic 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation in connection with the green hydrogen production represents a promising pathway for the synthesis of sustainable biobased chemicals and solar fuels, aligning with global efforts to reduce reliance on fossil resources. However, challenges impede industrial-scale implementation, such as inadequate catalytic performance, insufficient mechanistic understanding, and the lack of efficient reactor designs. In this Perspective, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in electrocatalytic HMF oxidation, encompassing rational catalyst design, in-depth mechanistic insights, and the development of flow systems. We further discuss innovative strategies for enhancing performance under industrially relevant conditions, critical factors in constructing efficient flow systems, and approaches for optimizing chemical processes. Existing challenges and future directions are identified to provide a foundation for advancing both fundamental research and practical applications in this rapidly evolving field. By overcoming existing bottlenecks and accelerating sustainable FDCA production, the transition toward a circular bioeconomy can be achieved in the near future.