Insights into Bubble Dynamics in Water Splitting

Water splitting is crucial for green hydrogen production, yet gas bubble dynamics has been underexplored until recently. Bubbles reduce electrochemically active surface area, increase overpotentials, and cause optical losses in (photo)electrochemical systems. Recent advancements in both theoretical understanding and experimental techniques have led to a deeper appreciation of the role that bubble dynamics plays in improving water splitting performance. The present review revisits the fundamental principles of gas bubble nucleation, growth, and detachment during electrochemical reactions, highlighting recent progress in single bubble dynamics. Here we explore the theoretical models of bubble behavior, experimental observations using advanced techniques, and recent strategies to control bubble dynamics. We also discuss the management of bubble dynamics in (photo)electrochemical devices to enhance H 2 production efficiency and stability by facilitating effective bubble detachment. In the concluding section, we outline prospects for further studies and future research directions needed to overcome current challenges. This review underscores the critical role of bubble management in achieving high hydrogen production performance and provides a roadmap for future research directions.