Energy Decarbonization via Green H2 or NH3?
Source abstract
Abstract
Due to the global need to decarbonize, it is increasingly clear that we are heading toward a new era of massive renewable energy generation and utilization to substitute fossil fuels. However, pragmatic means for renewable energy storage, transportation, and utilization at a very large scale are not yet fully developed and require careful scrutiny. In this Focus Review, we will consider the thermodynamics, kinetic barriers, material challenges, current science and technology readiness, and geographical locations for green hydrogen versus green ammonia as energy vectors for suitable sustainability of our future economy.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction · Hydrogen Storage and Materials · Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Oxford Green Innotech Limited (OXGRIN), Oxford Business Park, Oxford OX4 2HN, U.K.
The Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. 10.1016/0960-1481(93)90108-S10.1016/0960-1481(93)90108-S ↗
2. 10.3389/fpls.2018.0027310.3389/fpls.2018.00273 ↗
3. Statista. Cumulative installed solar power capacity in China from 2012 to 2020, Oct 11, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/279504/cumulative-installed-cpacity-of-solar-power-in-china/ (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
4. Wikipedia. Wind Power in China. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_China (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
5. 10.1093/nsr/nww09810.1093/nsr/nww098 ↗
6. 10.1557/mre.2018.1110.1557/mre.2018.11 ↗
7. 10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.01510.1016/j.rser.2009.11.015 ↗
8. 10.1016/j.pnsc.2016.12.01410.1016/j.pnsc.2016.12.014 ↗
9. 10.1016/j.cej.2020.12731010.1016/j.cej.2020.127310 ↗
10. Siemens Gamesa. Unlocking the Green Hydrogen Revolution. https://www.siemensgamesa.com/en-int/-/media/whitepaper-unlocking-green-hydrogen-revolution.pdf (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
11. HM Government. Energy White Paper: Powering our Net Zero Future, CP 337, December 2020https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/945899/201216_BEIS_EWP_Command_Paper_Accessible.pdf (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
12. Alfa Laval, Hafnia, Haldor Topsøe, Siemens Gamesa. Ammonfuel─an industrial view of ammonia as a marine fuel, August 2020. https://hafniabw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Ammonfuel-Report-an-industrial-view-of-ammonia-as-a-marine-fuel.pdf (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
13. GHD for BP Australia. Renewable Hydrogen and Ammonia Feasibility Study, 2021. https://arena.gov.au/assets/2021/08/bp-ghd-renewable-hydrogen-and-ammonia-feasibility-study.pdf (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
14. 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.11372910.1016/j.enconman.2020.113729 ↗
15. 10.3390/en1312306210.3390/en13123062 ↗
16. 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.00310.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.003 ↗
17. 10.1038/s41598-021-92511-610.1038/s41598-021-92511-6 ↗
18. 10.1016/j.tsep.2019.10046010.1016/j.tsep.2019.100460 ↗
19. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.23410.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.234 ↗
20. 10.1016/j.trd.2020.10235810.1016/j.trd.2020.102358 ↗
21. 10.4103/2045-9912.26699610.4103/2045-9912.266996 ↗
22. Jan Duijm, N.; Markert, F.; Lundtang Paulsen, J. Safety assessment of ammonia as a transport fuel, Risø-R-1504(EN), February 2005. https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20607161
23. Royal Society. Ammonia: zero-carbon fertiliser, fuel and energy store, February 2020. https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/green-ammonia/green-ammonia-policy-briefing.pdf (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
24. Kakish, N., Argus Media. Green ammonia: Opportunity knocks, May 28, 2020. https://www.argusmedia.com/en/blog/2020/may/28/green-ammonia-opportunity-knocks (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
25. Yara-UK. Green Ammonia - Carbon Neutral fertiliser production. https://www.yara.co.uk/grow-the-future/sustainable-farming/green-ammonia/ (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
26. Mavrokefalidis, D., Energy Live News. Ørsted to build ‘groundbreaking’ green ammonia project for sustainable food production, Oct 5, 2020. https://www.energylivenews.com/2020/10/05/orsted-to-build-groundbreaking-green-ammonia-project-for-sustainable-food-production/ (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
27. Toplensky, R., The Wall Street Journal. Hydrogen’s dirty little secret, Oct 8, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/hydrogens-dirty-little-secret-11602155800 (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
28. 10.1039/D1SE01508G10.1039/D1SE01508G ↗
29. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.04810.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.048 ↗
30. 10.1016/j.mset.2019.03.00210.1016/j.mset.2019.03.002 ↗
31. SINTEF. Europe’s largest PEM electrolyser for hydrogen production in operation ─ the capacity will tenfold the coming years, July 2, 2021. https://www.sintef.no/en/latest-news/europes-largest-pem-electrolyser-for-hydrogen-production-in-operation-now-sintef-will-lead-project-where-capacity-is-tenfold/?hs (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
32. International Renewable Energy Agency. Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the 1.5 °C Climate Goal. December 2020. https://www.irena.org/publications/2020/Dec/Green-hydrogen-cost-reduction (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
33. 10.1038/ncomms1339610.1038/ncomms13396 ↗
34. 10.1007/s40820-020-00487-110.1007/s40820-020-00487-1 ↗
35. 10.1088/1755-1315/371/4/04202210.1088/1755-1315/371/4/042022 ↗
36. Frøhlke, U., Topsoe. Haldor Topsoe and Aquamarine enter into a Memorandum of Understanding with the purpose of building a green ammonia facility based on SOEC electrolysis, Mar 18, 2021. https://blog.topsoe.com/haldor-topsoe-and-aquamarine-enters-into-a-memorandum-of-understanding-with-the-purpose-of-building-a-green-ammonia-facility-based-on-soec-electrolysis (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
37. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Hydrogen Production. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
38. 10.1038/s41467-019-13375-z10.1038/s41467-019-13375-z ↗
39. 10.1016/j.mattod.2020.05.01810.1016/j.mattod.2020.05.018 ↗
40. 10.1073/pnas.190055611610.1073/pnas.1900556116 ↗
41. 10.1038/s41560-019-0462-710.1038/s41560-019-0462-7 ↗
42. Jackson, F., Forbes. Gates Fund Backs HyPro For $1/kg Green Hydrogen, Mar 22, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/feliciajackson/2021/03/22/gates-fund-backs-hypro-for-1kg-green-hydrogen/?sh=6e1235144fd0 (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
43. 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.00310.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.003 ↗
44. 10.1039/C9EE02873K10.1039/C9EE02873K ↗
45. 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.01610.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.016 ↗
46. 10.1002/anie.20190717110.1002/anie.201907171 ↗
47. Yara International. Partnership for a green energy transition. https://www.yara.com/news-and-media/green-ammonia-project-press-conference/ (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
48. Iberdrola. Iberdrola and Fertiberia launch the largest plant producing green hydrogen for industrial use in Europe, July 24, 2020. https://www.iberdrola.com/press-room/news/detail/iberdrola-fertiberia-launch-largest-plant-producing-green-hydrogen-industrial-europe (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
49. InterContinental Energy. Asian renewable energy hub. https://intercontinentalenergy.com/asian-renewable-energy-hub (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
50. Fortescue Metals Group. Fortescue Future Industries investigating green ammonia supply chain between Australia and Japan, May 20, 2021. https://www.fmgl.com.au/in-the-news/media-releases/2021/05/20/fortescue-future-industries-investigating-green-ammonia-supply-chain-between-australia-and-japan (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
51. Hughes, T. Green ammonia, September 2015. https://www.slideshare.net/tswittrig/green-ammonia-siemens-oxford-cardiff (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
52. 10.1021/acscatal.0c0095410.1021/acscatal.0c00954 ↗
53. 10.1038/nchem.259510.1038/nchem.2595 ↗
54. 10.1038/s41586-020-2464-910.1038/s41586-020-2464-9 ↗
55. 10.1038/s41565-020-00809-910.1038/s41565-020-00809-9 ↗
56. 10.1002/cssc.20180163210.1002/cssc.201801632 ↗
57. 10.1016/j.joule.2020.04.00410.1016/j.joule.2020.04.004 ↗
58. 10.1039/D0SC04575F10.1039/D0SC04575F ↗
59. 10.1016/j.checat.2021.03.00210.1016/j.checat.2021.03.002 ↗
60. 10.1039/C8DT04019B10.1039/C8DT04019B ↗
61. 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.03.02310.1016/j.electacta.2005.03.023 ↗
62. 10.1002/anie.20190983110.1002/anie.201909831 ↗
63. 10.1039/C7EE01126A10.1039/C7EE01126A ↗
64. 10.1021/acsomega.1c0526310.1021/acsomega.1c05263 ↗
65. 10.1038/s41586-019-1260-x10.1038/s41586-019-1260-x ↗
66. 10.2832/61928410.2832/619284 ↗
67. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Hydrogen Storage. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
68. 10.2298/CICEQ0503105B10.2298/CICEQ0503105B ↗
69. DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record. Current Status of Hydrogen Liquefaction Costs, Record No. 19001, Sept 9, 2019. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/19001_hydrogen_liquefaction_costs.pdf (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
70. 10.1016/B978-0-444-56353-8.00010-110.1016/B978-0-444-56353-8.00010-1 ↗
71. 10.1007/978-981-16-0976-3_410.1007/978-981-16-0976-3_4 ↗
72. 10.4271/2015-01-116910.4271/2015-01-1169 ↗
73. 10.1016/j.est.2018.12.02510.1016/j.est.2018.12.025 ↗
74. 10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.04.03310.1016/j.micromeso.2008.04.033 ↗
75. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.09.05310.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.09.053 ↗
76. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.02210.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.022 ↗
77. 10.1007/s42823-021-00236-310.1007/s42823-021-00236-3 ↗
78. 10.3389/fenrg.2021.58080810.3389/fenrg.2021.580808 ↗
79. 10.3390/en1413373210.3390/en14133732 ↗
80. Elucidare. Ammonia ─ New possibilities for hydrogen storage and transportation, February 2008. http://www.elucidare.co.uk/news/Ammonia%20as%20H2%20carrier.pdf (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
81. ABS. Sustainability whitepaper: Ammonia as marine fuel, October 2020. https://safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Ammonia_as_Marine_Fuel_Whitepaper_20188.pdf?__cf_chl_jschl_tk_=pmd_t0XTUwu8n2Sh29bcTeSIbKhmkp8J5Jq39BNl8zeSbN4-1632867409-0-gqNtZGzNAiWjcnBszQj9 (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
82. 10.1016/0360-3199(88)90037-710.1016/0360-3199(88)90037-7 ↗
83. 10.1016/j.isci.2021.10290310.1016/j.isci.2021.102903 ↗
84. 10.1039/b511589b10.1039/b511589b ↗
85. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.04.06310.1016/j.promfg.2019.04.063 ↗
86. Renewables Now. Engie, Enaex plan green hydrogen-to-ammonia projects in Chile, Aug 24, 2021. https://renewablesnow.com/news/engie-enaex-plan-green-hydrogen-to-ammonia-projects-in-chile-751727/ (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
87. Renewables Now. India’s Acme to invest USD 3.5bn in green hydrogen, ammonia production in Oman. Aug 24, 2021. https://renewablesnow.com/news/indias-acme-to-invest-usd-35bn-in-green-hydrogen-ammonia-production-in-oman-751711/ (accessed Feb 5, 2022).10.1016/j.focat.2021.11.029 ↗
88. Yara International. Green ammonia from HEGRA to secure Norwegian competitiveness, Aug 16, 2021. https://www.yara.com/corporate-releases/green-ammonia-from-hegra-to-secure-norwegian-competitiveness/ (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
89. Yara International. Renewable hydrogen and ammonia production - YARA and ENGIE welcome a A$42.5 million ARENA grant, May 5, 2021. https://www.yara.com/news-and-media/news/archive/2020/renewable-hydrogen-and-ammonia-production-yara-and-engie-welcome-a-a$42.5-million-arena-grant (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
90. 10.1039/D1SE00345C10.1039/D1SE00345C ↗
91. 10.1016/j.energy.2021.12101610.1016/j.energy.2021.121016 ↗
92. 10.1021/acscatal.6b0335710.1021/acscatal.6b03357 ↗
93. Extance, A., Chemistry World. How ammonia could decarbonise shipping, Nov 9, 2021. https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/how-ammonia-could-decarbonise-shipping/4014674.article (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
94. 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.11983110.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119831 ↗
95. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.16210.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.162 ↗
96. 10.1007/s11696-020-01278-z10.1007/s11696-020-01278-z ↗
97. 10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.13810.1016/j.renene.2021.04.138 ↗
98. Oxford Green Innotech (OXGRIN). OXGRIN among Winners of UK’s biggest Clean Maritime Competition, Sept 14, 2021. https://www.oxgrin.com/news/oxgrin-winner-of-cmdc (accessed Feb 5, 2022).
99. 10.1039/D1EE02582A10.1039/D1EE02582A ↗
100. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.11617010.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116170 ↗