Strategies toward High-Loading Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

A high sulfur loading is an essential prerequisite for the practical application of lithium–sulfur batteries. However, it will inevitably exacerbate the shuttling effect and slow down the polysulfide conversion kinetics. To obtain desirable electrochemical performance at a high level of sulfur loading, the adsorption and catalysis dual strategies are widely reported to solve the severe shuttling effect and sluggish reaction kinetics issues. This review mainly summarizes the research on lithium–sulfur batteries with a high sulfur loading (>5 mg cm–2) based on adsorption–catalysis dual promotion strategies. Specifically, we review the principle and technical challenges for lithium–sulfur batteries and recent advancements in electrode materials with adsorption and catalysis design, as well as the potential approaches and suggestions for constructing next-generation lithium–sulfur batteries at a high level of sulfur loading. This review will provide practical guidance for lithium–sulfur batteries with high energy density and power density under a high sulfur loading and offer a better reference for researchers to choose adsorbents and catalysts.