DataVXPlasmonicsPaper
journal article·2025-04-12

Structural, Surface, and Morphological Investigations of Plasmon-Induced MXenes for Multifunctional Applications

Virendra Kumar Yadav, Suhas Ballal, Rupesh Gupta, Subhashree Ray, Shivraj Gangadhar Wanale, Rakesh Gaur, Gajendra Kumar Inwati

Plasmonics· Volume 20· Issue 10
Publisher page
Bibliographic record

Abstract

No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.

Source: Not provided · Quality: missing

Research context

OpenAlex topics: MXene and MAX Phase Materials · 2D Materials and Applications · Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Naguib M, Mashtalir O, Carle J et al (2012) Two-dimensional transition metal carbides. ACS Nano 6:1322–1331. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn204153h10.1021/nn204153h ↗
2. Ronchi RM, Arantes JT, Santos SF (2019) Synthesis, structure, properties and applications of MXenes : current status and perspectives. Ceram Int 45:18167–18188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.11410.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.114 ↗
3. Gong Y, Li M, Wang Y (2015) Carbon nitride in energy conversion and storage: recent advances and future prospects. Chemsuschem 8:931–946. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.20140328710.1002/cssc.201403287 ↗
4. Adekoya D, Qian S, Gu X, et al (2021) DFT-guided design and fabrication of carbon-nitride-based materials for energy storage devices: a review. Springer Singapore10.1007/s40820-020-00522-1 ↗
5. Dixit F, Zimmermann K, Dutta R et al (2022) Application of MXenes for water treatment and energy-efficient desalination : a review. J Hazard Mater 423:127050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.12705010.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127050 ↗
6. Liu X, Zheng B, Hua Y et al (2024) Ultralight MXene/rGO aerogel frames with component and structure controlled electromagnetic wave absorption by direct ink writing. Carbon N Y 230:119650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.11965010.1016/j.carbon.2024.119650 ↗
7. Safaei J, Mohamed NA, Mohamad Noh MF et al (2018) Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) electrodes for energy conversion and storage: a review on photoelectrochemical water splitting, solar cells and supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A Mater 6:22346–22380. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08001a10.1039/c8ta08001a ↗
8. Wu M, Wang Q, Sun Q, Jena P (2013) Functionalized graphitic carbon nitride for efficient energy storage. J Phys Chem C 117:6055–6059. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp311972f10.1021/jp311972f ↗
9. Gao L, Cao M, Zhang C et al (2024) Zinc selenide/cobalt selenide in nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks as anode materials for high-performance sodium-ion hybrid capacitors. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 7:144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-00956-w10.1007/s42114-024-00956-w ↗
10. Li X, Xiong S, Li G et al (2023) Effect of microstructure on electrochemical performance of electrode materials for microsupercapacitor. Mater Lett 346:134481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.13448110.1016/j.matlet.2023.134481 ↗
11. Li L, Zhang N, Zhang M et al (2018) Ag-nanoparticle-decorated 2D titanium carbide (MXene) with superior electrochemical performance for supercapacitors. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:7442–7450. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b0004710.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00047 ↗
12. Shahriari (2010) The optical nonlinearity of Au and Ag nanoparticle prepared by the Γ-radiation method. Am J Eng Appl Sci 3:260–264. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2010.260.26410.3844/ajeassp.2010.260.264 ↗
13. Eichelbaum M, Rademann K, Hoell A (2008). Photoluminescence of atomic gold and silver particles in soda-lime silicate glasses. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/13/13570110.1088/0957-4484/19/13/135701 ↗
14. Wu D, Wang Y, Wang F et al (2017) Oxygen-incorporated few-layer MoS2 vertically aligned on three-dimensional graphene matrix for enhanced catalytic performances in quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Carbon N Y 123:756–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.08610.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.086 ↗
15. Silambarasan K, Harish S, Hara K et al (2021) Ultrathin layered MoS2 and N-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) anchored reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite-based counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Carbon N Y 181:107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.01.16210.1016/j.carbon.2021.01.162 ↗
16. Magne D, Mauchamp V, Célérier S et al (2015) Spectroscopic evidence in the visible-ultraviolet energy range of surface functionalization sites in the multilayer Ti3 C2 MXene. Phys Rev B Condens Matter Mater Phys 91:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.20140910.1103/PhysRevB.91.201409 ↗
17. Mauchamp V, Bugnet M, Bellido EP et al (2014) Enhanced and tunable surface plasmons in two-dimensional Ti3 C2 stacks: electronic structure versus boundary effects. Phys Rev B Condens Matter Mater Phys 89:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.23542810.1103/PhysRevB.89.235428 ↗
18. Gogotsi Y, Anasori B (2019) The rise of MXenes. ACS Nano 13:8491–8494. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b0639410.1021/acsnano.9b06394 ↗
19. Anasori B, Xie Y, Beidaghi M et al (2015) Two-dimensional, ordered, double transition metals carbides (MXenes). ACS Nano 9:9507–9516. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b0359110.1021/acsnano.5b03591 ↗
20. Anasori B, Lukatskaya MR, Gogotsi Y (2017) 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage. Nat Rev Mater 2:16098. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.9810.1038/natrevmats.2016.98 ↗
21. Ekici MR, Tabar E, Atasoy A et al (2023) Effect of hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid treatment on the morphology, structure and gamma permeability of 2D MXene Ti 3 C 2 T x electrodes. Can Metall Q 62:629–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2022.212410810.1080/00084433.2022.2124108 ↗
22. Wang H, Zhang J, Yuan X et al (2020) Photocatalytic removal of antibiotics from natural water matrices and swine wastewater via Cu(I) coordinately polymeric carbon nitride framework. Chem Eng J 392:123638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.12363810.1016/j.cej.2019.123638 ↗
23. Thiagarajan K, Bavani T, Arunachalam P, et al Nanofiber NiMoO 4 / g-C 3 N 4 composite electrode materials for redox supercapacitor applications. 1–14
24. Naguib M, Kurtoglu M, Presser V et al (2011) Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti 3 AlC 2. Adv Mater 23:4248–4253. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20110230610.1002/adma.201102306 ↗
25. Huang T, Fu Y, Peng Q et al (2019) Applied surface science catalytic hydrogenation of p -nitrophenol using a metal-free catalyst of porous crimped graphitic carbon nitride. Appl Surf Sci 480:888–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.03.03510.1016/j.apsusc.2019.03.035 ↗
26. Zhu H, Sun X, Yang H, et al Synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performance of carbon self-doping graphitic carbon nitride/NiS electrode material. 0–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.1752910.1111/jace.17529 ↗
27. Wei Z, Li B, Xia C, et al (2018) Various structures of 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides and their applications. Small Methods 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.20180009410.1002/smtd.201800094 ↗
28. Kumar G, Kumar P, Roos WD, Swart HC (2020) Colloids and surfaces B : biointerfaces thermally induced structural metamorphosis of ZnO : Rb nanostructures for antibacterial impacts. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 188:110821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.11082110.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110821 ↗
29. Kumar P, Kumar A, Ahmad M, Kazim S (2020) Applied surface science surface, optical and photocatalytic properties of Rb doped ZnO nanoparticles. Appl Surf Sci 514:145930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.14593010.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145930 ↗
30. Satheeshkumar E, Makaryan T, Melikyan A et al (2016) One-step solution processing of Ag, Au and Pd@MXene hybrids for SERS. Sci Rep 6:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep3204910.1038/srep32049 ↗
31. Enaiet Allah A (2023) Three-dimensional N-doped mesoporous carbon–MXene hybrid architecture for supercapacitor applications. RSC Adv 13:9983–9997. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06817f10.1039/d2ra06817f ↗
32. Langhammer C, Kasemo B, Zorić I (2007) Absorption and scattering of light by Pt, Pd, Ag, and Au nanodisks: absolute cross sections and branching ratios. J Chem Phys 126. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.273455010.1063/1.2734550 ↗
33. Kamat PV, Shanghavi B (1997) Interparticle electron transfer in metal/semiconductor composites. Picosecond dynamics of CdS-capped gold nanoclusters. J Phys Chem B 101:7675–7679. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp970946410.1021/jp9709464 ↗
34. Inwati GK, Yadav VK, Ali IH, et al (2022) Applied sciences 2D personality of multifunctional carbon nitrides towards enhanced catalytic performance in energy storage and remediation10.3390/app12083753 ↗
35. Kumar P, Mathpal MC, Ghosh S et al (2022) Plasmonic Au nanoparticles embedded in glass: study of TOF-SIMS, XPS and its enhanced antimicrobial activities. J Alloys Compd 909:164789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16478910.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164789 ↗
36. Dey A, Varagnolo S, Power NP et al (2023) Doped MXenes—a new paradigm in 2D systems: synthesis, properties and applications. Prog Mater Sci 139:101166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.10116610.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101166 ↗
37. Bao W, Shuck CE, Zhang W et al (2019) Boosting performance of Na-S batteries using sulfur-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets with a strong affinity to sodium polysulfides. ACS Nano 13:11500–11509. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b0497710.1021/acsnano.9b04977 ↗
38. Satheeshkumar E, Makaryan T, Melikyan A et al (2016) One-step solution processing of Ag, Au and Pd@MXene hybrids for SERS. Sci Rep 6:32049. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep3204910.1038/srep32049 ↗
39. Phys JA (2008) Photoluminescence via plasmon resonance energy transfer in silver nanocomposite glasses. 054313: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.297617110.1063/1.2976171 ↗
40. You A, Be MAY, In I (2002) Copper doping of silicate glasses by the ion- exchange technique : a photoluminescence spectroscopy study. 90. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.142124110.1063/1.1421241 ↗
41. Ronchi RM, Arantes JT, Santos SF (2019) Synthesis, structure, properties and applications of MXenes: current status and perspectives. Ceram Int 45:18167–18188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.11410.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.114 ↗
42. Dixit F, Zimmermann K, Dutta R et al (2022) Application of MXenes for water treatment and energy-efficient desalination: a review. J Hazard Mater 423:127050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.12705010.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127050 ↗
43. Ayodhya D (2023) A review of recent progress in 2D MXenes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Diam Relat Mater 132:109634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.10963410.1016/j.diamond.2022.109634 ↗
44. Brown NMD, Cui N, McKinley A (1998) An XPS study of the surface modification of natural MoS 2 following treatment in an RF-oxygen plasma. Appl Surf Sci 134:11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(98)00252-910.1016/S0169-4332(98)00252-9 ↗
45. Dasgupta U, Chatterjee S, Pal AJ (2017) Thin-film formation of 2D MoS2 and its application as a hole-transport layer in planar perovskite solar cells. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 172:353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.08.01210.1016/j.solmat.2017.08.012 ↗
46. Mishra RK, Sarkar J, Verma K et al (2024) Exploring transformative and multifunctional potential of MXenes in 2D materials for next-generation technology. Open Ceramics 18:100596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2024.10059610.1016/j.oceram.2024.100596 ↗
47. Paper R, Contreras OE, Hirata GA (2016) Synthesis and upconversion luminescence of nanoparticles Y 2 O 3 Regular Paper. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5772/6218810.5772/62188 ↗
48. Payne BP, Biesinger MC, Mcintyre NS (2011) Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of reactions on chromium metal and chromium oxide surfaces. J Electron Spectros Relat Phenomena 184:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2010.12.00110.1016/j.elspec.2010.12.001 ↗
49. Ling T, Da P, Zheng X, et al (2018) Atomic-level structure engineering of metal oxides for high-rate oxygen intercalation pseudocapacitance. Sci Adv 4. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau626110.1126/sciadv.aau6261 ↗
50. Zhao J, Li Z, Yuan X et al (2018) A high-energy density asymmetric supercapacitor based on Fe2O3 nanoneedle arrays and NiCo2O4/Ni(OH)2 hybrid nanosheet arrays grown on SiC nanowire networks as free-standing advanced electrodes. Adv Energy Mater 8:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20170278710.1002/aenm.201702787 ↗
51. Sheng S, Liu W, Zhu K et al (2019) Fe3O4 nanospheres in situ decorated graphene as high-performance anode for asymmetric supercapacitor with impressive energy density. J Colloid Interface Sci 536:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.06010.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.060 ↗
52. Zhang Z, Li H, Zou G et al (2016) Self-reduction synthesis of new MXene/Ag composites with unexpected electrocatalytic activity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:6763–6771. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b0169810.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01698 ↗
53. Ling Z, Ren CE, Zhao MQ et al (2014) Flexible and conductive MXene films and nanocomposites with high capacitance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:16676–16681. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.141421511110.1073/pnas.1414215111 ↗
54. Zhao MQ, Ren CE, Ling Z et al (2015) Flexible MXene/carbon nanotube composite paper with high volumetric capacitance. Adv Mater 27:339–345. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20140414010.1002/adma.201404140 ↗
55. Masudy-panah S, Radhakrishnan K, Ru H et al (2015) Solar energy materials & solar cells titanium doped cupric oxide for photovoltaic application. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 140:266–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.04.02410.1016/j.solmat.2015.04.024 ↗
56. Iqbal M, Ali A, Shahzad K et al (2019) Synthesis and characterization of transition metals doped CuO nanostructure and their application in hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells. SN Appl Sci 1:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0663-510.1007/s42452-019-0663-5 ↗
57. Teranishi T, Eguchi M, Kanehara M, Gwo S (2011) Controlled localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength for conductive nanoparticles over the ultraviolet to near-infrared region. J Mater Chem 21:10238–10242. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm04545d10.1039/c0jm04545d ↗
58. Yu Y, Fan Q, Li Z, Fu P (2023) MXene-based electrode materials for supercapacitors: synthesis, properties, and optimization strategies. Materials Today Sustainability 24:100551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2023.10055110.1016/j.mtsust.2023.100551 ↗
59. Shehata MM, Phang P, Basnet R, et al (2022) Outstanding surface passivation for highly efficient silicon solar cells enabled by innovative Al y TiO x /TiO x electron‐selective contact stack. Solar RRL 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.20220055010.1002/solr.202200550 ↗
60. Li H, Li A, Zhang D et al (2022) First-principles study on the structural, electronic, and lithium storage properties of Ti3C2T2(T = O, F, H, OH) MXene. ACS Omega 7:40578–40585. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c0591310.1021/acsomega.2c05913 ↗
61. Wang X, Wang F, Sang Y, Liu H (2017) Full‐spectrum solar‐light‐activated photocatalysts for light–chemical energy conversion. Adv Energy Mater 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20170047310.1002/aenm.201700473 ↗
62. Qamar MA, Ali SK (2025) Functionalized MXenes for enhanced visible-light photocatalysis: a focus on surface termination engineering and composite design. Inorganics (Basel) 13:45. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics1302004510.3390/inorganics13020045 ↗
63. Yue C, Ding Y, Tao L et al (2023) Differential evolution particle swarm optimization for phase-sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance gas sensor based on MXene and blue phosphorene/transition metal dichalcogenide hybrid structure. Sensors 23:8401. https://doi.org/10.3390/s2320840110.3390/s23208401 ↗
64. An H, Zhang H, Zhang K, et al (2023) Construction of a novel hybrid plasmonic metal-2D MXene catalyst for plasmon-driven photoreduction of nitroaromatics. Appl Surf Sci 613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.15605510.1016/j.apsusc.2022.156055 ↗
65. Aliqab K, Agravat R, Agravat D et al (2024) Ultra-broadband polarization-insensitive MXene-based surface plasmon resonance solar absorber for solar thermal application. Plasmonics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-024-02336-y10.1007/s11468-024-02336-y ↗
66. Lu L, Le J, Zhang L et al (2025) Polarization independent tunable near-perfect absorber based on graphene-BaO arrays and Ag-dielectric Bragg reflector composite structure. Diam Relat Mater 152:111958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2025.11195810.1016/j.diamond.2025.111958 ↗
67. Maurer RJ, Jain PK (2024) Hot electrons in catalysis. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 128:1863–1866. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c0009810.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00098 ↗
68. Hou Z, Zhang X, Guo S et al (2025) Hydrogen storage performance of MXenes: intrinsic properties and catalytic effects. Int J Hydrogen Energy 101:904–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.48610.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.486 ↗
69. Lingamdinne LP, Kulkarni R, Koduru JR et al (2024) MXenes for advanced energy storage and environmental remediation applications: synthesis, properties, and challenges. J Energy Storage 101:113806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.11380610.1016/j.est.2024.113806 ↗
70. Ighalo JO, Smith ML, Mayyahi A Al, Amama PB (2025) MXenes: exploiting their unique properties for designing next-generation thermal catalysts and photocatalysts. 2d Mater 12:022001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ada04210.1088/2053-1583/ada042 ↗
71. Ramírez Grau R, Garcia-Aznar P, Sastre G et al (2025) MXenes as heterogeneous thermal catalysts: regioselective anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of terminal alkynes with 10 2 h –1 turnover frequencies. J Am Chem Soc 147:3315–3332. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c1348110.1021/jacs.4c13481 ↗
72. Pranada E, Ngozichukwu B, Yoo R et al (2025) Hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction on OH/F-terminated titanium nitride MXene reveal the role of the surface termination group in electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 15:982–991. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.4c0524710.1021/acscatal.4c05247 ↗
73. Li M, Dong X, Li Q et al (2024) Engineering MXene surface via oxygen functionalization and Au nanoparticle deposition for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Small Methods. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.20240156910.1002/smtd.202401569 ↗
74. Sundarraj S, Vadivel N, Murthy AP, et al (2025) MXene electrocatalysts: transformative approaches in hydrogen production with alternative anode reactions. Small 21. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20240712010.1002/smll.202407120 ↗
75. Yang N, Li H, Lin X et al (2025) Catalytic electrode comprising a gas diffusion layer and bubble-involved mass transfer in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis: a critical review and perspectives. J Energy Chem 105:669–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2024.12.07310.1016/j.jechem.2024.12.073 ↗
76. Khan Z, Jaafar J, Khan AA, et al (2024) MXene as future potential photoactive co-catalyst material for efficient visible light photodegradation of persistent organic contaminants: a review. ASEAN Eng J 14:101–111. https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v14.2132010.11113/aej.v14.21320 ↗
77. Raj CK, Siranjeevi R, Shabnum SS, et al (2024) Comprehensive review on the MXene nanomaterial for the catalytic reduction and toward light‐driven photocatalytic destruction of emerging contaminants. Environ Qual Manag 34. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.2236010.1002/tqem.22360 ↗
78. Razzaq S, Faridi S, Kenmoe S et al (2025) MXenes spontaneously form active and selective single-atom centers under anodic polarization conditions. J Am Chem Soc 147:161–168. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c0851810.1021/jacs.4c08518 ↗
79. Mudassir MW, Goverapet Srinivasan S, Mynam M, Rai B (2025) High-throughput exploration of Ti–V–Nb–Mo carbide MXenes using neural network potentials and their evaluation as catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 17:1127–1138. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c1696510.1021/acsami.4c16965 ↗
80. Saha D, Dalmieda J, Patel V (2023) Surface-modified MXenes: simulation to potential applications. ACS Appl Electron Mater 5:2933–2955. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c0007610.1021/acsaelm.3c00076 ↗
81. Zhang H, Liu M, Zhou F et al (2015) Physical deposition improved SERS stability of morphology controlled periodic micro/nanostructured arrays based on colloidal templates. Small 11:844–853. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20140263010.1002/smll.201402630 ↗
82. Zhang H, Zhou F, Liu M et al (2015) Spherical nanoparticle arrays with tunable nanogaps and their hydrophobicity enhanced rapid SERS detection by localized concentration of droplet evaporation. Adv Mater Interfaces 2:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.20150003110.1002/admi.201500031 ↗
83. Naujok RR, Duevel RV, Corn RM (1993) Fluorescence and Fourier transform surface-enhanced Raman scattering measurements of methylene blue adsorbed onto a sulfur-modified gold electrode. Langmuir 9:1771–1774. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00031a02610.1021/la00031a026 ↗
84. Naguib M, Gogotsi Y (2015) Synthesis of two-dimensional materials by selective extraction. Acc Chem Res 48:128–135. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar500346b10.1021/ar500346b ↗
85. Pogorielov M, Smyrnova K, Kyrylenko S et al (2021) MXenes—a new class of two-dimensional materials: structure, properties and potential applications. Nanomaterials 11:3412. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano1112341210.3390/nano11123412 ↗
86. Lee Y, Theerthagiri J, Limphirat W et al (2025) Pulsed laser-patterned high-entropy single-atomic sites and alloy coordinated graphene oxide for pH-universal water electrolysis. J Mater Chem A Mater 13:9073–9087. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TA00117J10.1039/D5TA00117J ↗
87. Wu J, Li Z, Luo J, Jen AK-Y (2020) High-performance organic second- and third-order nonlinear optical materials for ultrafast information processing. J Mater Chem C Mater 8:15009–15026. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC03224G10.1039/D0TC03224G ↗
88. Ajami A, Ovsianikov A, Liska R, Baudis S (2024) Z-scan technique: a review from conventional Z-scan to white light Z-scan. Appl Phys B 130:138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-024-08262-510.1007/s00340-024-08262-5 ↗
89. Park C, Park NR, Kwon J et al (2024) Ultrahigh nonlinear responses from MXene plasmons in the short-wave infrared range. Adv Mater 36:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20230918910.1002/adma.202309189 ↗
90. Philip A, Kumar AR (2022) The performance enhancement of surface plasmon resonance optical sensors using nanomaterials: a review. Coord Chem Rev 458:214424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.21442410.1016/j.ccr.2022.214424 ↗
91. Rahim FA, Niyas K, Vivek R et al (2025) An overview of the use of non-titanium MXenes for photothermal therapy and their combinatorial approaches for cancer treatment. Nanoscale Adv 7:963–983. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4NA00931B10.1039/D4NA00931B ↗
92. Paramasivam G, Yadavali SP, Atchudan R et al (2024) Recent advances in the medical applications of two-dimensional MXene nanosheets. Nanomedicine 19:2633–2654. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435889.2024.242280610.1080/17435889.2024.2422806 ↗
93. Hu B, Chen J, Gao Z et al (2024) Biodegradable MXene quantum dots with high near-infrared photothermal performance for cancer treatment. ACS Appl Bio Mater 7:4339–4351. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c0018710.1021/acsabm.4c00187 ↗
94. Sundramoorthy AK (2024) Two-dimensional MXene (Ti3C2Tx)-based nano-photosensitizers for enhanced photothermal ablation of tumor cells. Micro Nanosyst 17. https://doi.org/10.2174/011876402934277424102409313210.2174/0118764029342774241024093132 ↗
95. Wang J, Qiao Q, Feng Y et al (2024) Two-dimensional MXene-based nano-prodrug for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy on cancer treatment. Mater Today Chem 38:102048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2024.10204810.1016/j.mtchem.2024.102048 ↗
96. Parajuli D (2024) MXenes-polymer nanocomposites for biomedical applications: fundamentals and future perspectives. Front Chem 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2024.140037510.3389/fchem.2024.1400375 ↗
97. Ma Y, Jiang T, Zhang R et al (2024) The application of 2d MXene nanosheet -based thermosensitive gel delivery system loaded with cisplatin and imiquimod for lung cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 19:4719–4733. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S44954110.2147/IJN.S449541 ↗
98. Lai X, Tang Y, Dong Y, et al (2024) Multifunctional MXene nanosheets and their applications in antibacterial therapy. Adv Nanobiomed Res 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.20240003310.1002/anbr.202400033 ↗
99. Selvaraj S, Chauhan A, Verma R et al (2024) Multifunctional biomedical applications of MXene-based hydrogels: a review. Inorg Chem Commun 164:112457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.11245710.1016/j.inoche.2024.112457 ↗
100. Wang P, You Q, Liu Y et al (2024) Combating infections from drug-resistant bacteria: unleashing synergistic broad-spectrum antibacterial power with high-entropy MXene/CDs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 238:113874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.11387410.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113874 ↗