Further Studies on the Use of Pulverised Flexible Polyurethane Foam Particles as Fillers in Natural Rubber Compounds
Source abstract
Abstract
Carbon black and cryogenically pulverised polyester polyurethane foam particles of average size 200μm were introduced alone and blended into natural rubber formulations to assess their affect on mechanical properties. Vulcanisates containing either carbon black or polyurethane particles showed maximum reinforcement at 60 and 30 parts per hundred rubber (pph) respectively. Directly comparing 30 pph filler loading, polyurethane particles showed similar ultimate strength but improved elastic properties compared with carbon black. Varying blend ratios of the two additives showed that the optimum addition concentration for balanced properties was equivalent to the addition of the optimum concentrations of each additive when incorporated alone i.e. 60 pph carbon black and 30 pph polyurethane particles. Whilst ultimate strength reduced ≈15% (compared with 60 pph carbon black alone), modulus reduced and substantial improvements in breaking strain and elongation set were observed, i.e. a small reduction in ultimate stress was accompanied by significant improvements in elastic properties.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties · Polymer composites and self-healing · Tribology and Wear Analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Polymer Science and Technology Group, Manchester Materials Science Centre, University of Manchester and UMIST, Manchester Ml 7HS, UK
References (24)
Show source-provided references
1. 1. Whelan A., Lee K.S., Developments in Rubber Technology 1, Applied Science, Oxford, (1979)
2. 2.Scrap Tyres - Disposal and recycling options, A Report from Rapra’s Industry Analysis and Publishing Group, Rapra Technology Ltd. (1995)
3. 3. Leblanc J.L., From peculiar flow properties to reinforcement in carbon black filled rubber compounds, Plast. Rubb. Comp. Proc. Appl., 24 (1995) 241
4. 10.1002/pen.76018110310.1002/pen.760181103 ↗
5. 5. Angus M.W., Sims G.L.A., The effect of formulation variables on properties of rebonded PU foam incorporating recycled foam laminate, Cell, and Microcell. Mats. Symp., Chicago, ASME, MD-Vol. 53 (1994) 45
6. 6. Sims G.L.A., Angus M.W., Crosley I. , Process Economies and Uses for Cryogenically Pulverised Flexible Polyester Polyurethane Foam, SPE ANTEC Tech. Papers, 41(11), (1995) 2166
7. 7. Astroopour H., Ivanov G., Shutov F., Recycling of polyurethane waste foams using new pulverization principle: solid state shear extrusion (SSSE), Cellular Polymer II, Rapra Technology, Edinburgh, Paper 18(1993)
8. 10.1177/0021955X830190060610.1177/0021955X8301900606 ↗
9. 9. Sims G.L.A., Angus M.W., Improved process for cryogenic pulverization of flexible polyurethane foam, Plast. Rub. Comp. Proc. Appl., 22 (1994) 99
10. 10. Sims G.L.A., Sombatsompop N., Pulverised Flexible Polyurethane Foam Particles as a Filler in Natural Rubber Vulcanisates, Cell. Polym., 15(1996) 9010.1177/0262489319961505002 ↗
11. 11. Kraus G. (ed), Reinforcement of Elastomers, John Wiley, New York, 1965
12. 12. Accorsi J, Romero E., Special carbon black for plastics, Plast. Eng., April (1995), 29
13. 13. Horn J.B., The measurement of carbon black structure, Rubb. Plast. Age, June (1969), 457
14. 14. Gessler A.M., Hess W.M., Medalia A.I., Reinforcement of elastomers with carbon black in Plast. Rubb. Proc., Part 1. The nature of carbon blacks, March (1978) 1-13
15. Part II. Effect of incorporating carbon black in elastomers, June (1978) 37-51
16. Part III. The phenomenon of reinforcement, September (1978) 109110
17. Part IV. Interaction between carbon black and polymer, December (1978), 141-155
18. 15. Cotton G.R., Mixing of carbon black with rubber: IV. Effect of carbon black characteristics, Plast. Rubb. Proc. Appl. 7 (1987), 173
19. 10.1002/app.1971.07015071110.1002/app.1971.070150711 ↗
20. 10.1002/pen.76025140810.1002/pen.760251408 ↗
21. 10.5254/1.353828710.5254/1.3538287 ↗
22. 19.BS 2782 Method 320A, Plastics, part 3: mechanical properties, 1976
23. 10.1007/978-94-009-0815-410.1007/978-94-009-0815-4 ↗
24. 21. Ismael H., Freakley P.K., Bradley R.H., Sutherland I., Sheng E., Modes of action of a multifunctional additive in a carbon black filled natural rubber compound, Plast. Rubb. Comp. Proc. Appl., 23 (1995), 43