Advances in Guided Bone Regeneration Membranes: From Fundamental Research to Clinical Application

As a critical material for bone defect repair, guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes have seen significant advancements in recent years through innovations in both materials and structural design. Traditional collagen and synthetic polymer membranes face limitations due to mismatched degradation rates relative to the bone regeneration cycle as well as insufficient mechanical properties. To overcome these challenges, researchers have developed multilayered functional membranes using composite modifications and gradient designs incorporating ionic modulation and immunomodulation to synergistically enhance osteogenesis. These gradient membranes block fibroblasts with dense layers, guide bone regeneration through porous layers, and achieve personalized fitting by integrating 3D printing technology. Degradable metallic materials have also emerged as a research focus due to their high mechanical strength, antimicrobial properties, and ability to promote bone growth; their degradation rates are regulated by composite polymers to minimize toxicity. Clinically, nonresorbable membranes require secondary surgeries, while resorbable membranes often degrade too rapidly. The membranes are engineered with customized structural and functional gradients via 3D printing, aiming to extend the barrier lifespan and improve vascularization. Moving forward, it is essential to address challenges such as precise degradation control, large-scale production, development of intelligent responsive materials (including dynamic degradation control), integration of gene therapy with bioprinting technology, and establishment of standardized evaluation systems to facilitate clinical translation. GBR membranes are evolving from serving solely as barriers to offering multifunctional integration, driving innovation and precision in regenerative medicine, particularly in dentistry and orthopedics.