Polymer-based Bone Cements: Chemistry, Physicochemical Properties, and Biological Considerations

Polymer-based bone cements have long been central to orthopedic and dental repair, providing structural fixation and reliable clinical outcomes. Among them, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) remains the dominant material because of its favorable handling characteristics and mechanical stability. However, its chemical inertness, high curing temperature, and nonresorbable nature have driven efforts to develop more biologically responsive alternatives. Current research explores initiator-activator systems, modified monomer matrices, and composite formulations that incorporate bioactive and degradable components. These strategies aim to balance injectability, curing control, and mechanical integrity with improved biological performance. This review examines the evolving chemistry, physicochemical properties, and clinical roles of polymeric bone cements, emphasizing advances in degradable and multifunctional systems. By bringing together insights from polymer design, materials characterization, and clinical translation, this review outlines how next-generation polymer-based cements are being engineered to shift from passive fixation toward active facilitation of bone regeneration.