Nano-bacteria hybrid materials for inflammatory bowel disease therapy

The global incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has significantly increased, making it a pressing global health concern. Nano-bacterial hybrid systems, which combine living bacteria with non-living materials, merge the biological properties of microorganisms with the functional versatility of materials, enabling the development of biomimetic systems with enhanced capabilities. Due to their programmability and multifunctionality, nano-bacterial hybrids have garnered considerable attention for their potential in IBD management, making this a rapidly advancing area of research. This review provides insights into the pathophysiology of IBD, strategies for the synthesis of nano-bacterial hybrid systems, and their therapeutic applications in IBD. We also discuss the challenges of translating laboratory research into clinical applications for nano-bacterial hybrid systems. We anticipate that this work will be a valuable resource for scientists and clinicians in live bacterial therapeutics (LBTs) and nanoscience, providing a foundation for future innovation and exploration in this emerging field.